MGT201 Short Notes from lec 1 to 22 for Mid Term

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT201 Short Notes for Mid Term</span></h3> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Here You can read online or download <b>MGT201</b> - <u>Financial Management</u> <b>Short Notes</b> from lecture No 1 to 22 <b>for</b> Preparation of <b>Mid Term Examination </b>in pdf format. Previously we shared <a href="https://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2018/06/mgt201-current-mid-term-papers-spring-2018.html">MGT201 Current Mid Term Papers Spring 2018</a>. </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Download Links has been added below.</span><br /> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7-d_km4S7FOSIfpoZrQW66BEblRb_9LkYjkZohI0XSmbjZGIcQX580ThsPDFY-6OUZXFP88Yv_Pjk41G6WmBMjJhtNKRv5sX4yrZDLNSJrV9CL7uC9OGRP561UDeFEHQAq57If15qnk0/s1600/MGT201+Short+Notes+for+Mid+Term+from+Lec+1+to+22.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="MGT201 Short Notes for Mid Term from Lec 1 to 22" border="0" data-original-height="669" data-original-width="944" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7-d_km4S7FOSIfpoZrQW66BEblRb_9LkYjkZohI0XSmbjZGIcQX580ThsPDFY-6OUZXFP88Yv_Pjk41G6WmBMjJhtNKRv5sX4yrZDLNSJrV9CL7uC9OGRP561UDeFEHQAq57If15qnk0/s320/MGT201+Short+Notes+for+Mid+Term+from+Lec+1+to+22.png" title="MGT201 Short Notes for Mid Term from Lec 1 to 22" width="320" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT201 Short Notes for Mid Term from Lec 1 to 22</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">You Can Also Download <b>Solved Mid Term Papers</b>, <b>Short Notes</b>, <b>Assignment Solutions</b>, Lecture Wise Questions Answers Files, Solved MCQs, Solved Quiz , <b>Solved Mid Term Subjective Papers</b> , <b>Solved Mid Term Objective Papers </b>from Virtual Study Solutions For Preparation of Mid Term Examination.</span><br /> <div> <h4 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT201 Short Notes for Mid Term Sample Preview</span></h4> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">You can see the Sample page preview MGT201 Short Notes from lec 1 to 22 for Mid Term pdf file below:</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF8JnZNkQ8lnzzpbZGzFL6hCrzOP33dgZlEHw-CMpZK8tKlNupLLd-YzRQljkK-eAdczIZ58Q3NIY_4V4V1kT_2gG5q70Ei4pHFUE3so4kh0iqAN-wkqGkDiTWoHiU2QDX-qxSDHdXdxo/s1600/MGT201+Short+Notes+for+Mid+Term+from+Lec+1+to+22+Samle+Preview.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="MGT201 Short Notes for Mid Term from Lec 1 to 22 Sample Preview." border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="387" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF8JnZNkQ8lnzzpbZGzFL6hCrzOP33dgZlEHw-CMpZK8tKlNupLLd-YzRQljkK-eAdczIZ58Q3NIY_4V4V1kT_2gG5q70Ei4pHFUE3so4kh0iqAN-wkqGkDiTWoHiU2QDX-qxSDHdXdxo/s640/MGT201+Short+Notes+for+Mid+Term+from+Lec+1+to+22+Samle+Preview.png" title="MGT201 Short Notes for Mid Term from Lec 1 to 22 Sample Preview." width="492" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">MGT201 Short Notes for Mid Term from Lec 1 to 22 Sample Preview.</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Recommended :</b> </span><a href="https://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2018/05/mgt201-solved-mcqs-past-papers-mega-collection.html" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">MGT201 Solved MCQs and Past Papers Mega Collection</a></div> </div> <div> <h4 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Download MGT201 Short Notes for Mid Term</span></h4> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">More</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> MGT201 Related Helping Material will be added Soon in the mean time we recommend you to download given Past papers from Download Links and Prepare for Mid Term Exam Spring 2018.</span><br /> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"> <a class="bevel orange" href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1PHuMhJcIifvEzshTs0zYGRmoqlfBF-sR" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;" target="_blank"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-download"></i> Download</a>     <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">[ File Upload Status :</span><span style="color: lime; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> Done</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> ]</span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>

MGT201 Short Notes from lec 1 to 22 for Mid Term

MGT201 Short Notes for Mid Term Here You can read online or download MGT201  - Financial Management Short Notes from lecture No 1 to 22...

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MTH302 Short Notes from lec 1 to 22 for Mid Term

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MTH302 Short Notes for Mid Term</span></h3> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Here You can read online or download<b> MTH302</b> - <u>Business Mathematics and Statistics</u> Short Notes from lecture No 1 to 22 for Preparation of Mid Term Examination. Previously we shared <a href="https://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2018/06/mth302-subjective-objective-mid-term.html">MTH302 Subjective + Objective Mid Term Past Papers</a>. Download Links has been added below.</span><br /> <div> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis1IxdbeQ59nrEIo0OammCwdw1AtXpSNPJlhYF4bIYXqUEvdlkfxk5Qn9MlIUEM4KZNvFsRCPgtjWn6pQZHG32jtNME3bXtQ6Yfez5RihSO1aMI_jh0uOd5yXmcFmmLD-xzEd9Z_29FmQ/s1600/MTH302+Short+Notes+from+lec+1+to+22+for+Mid+Term.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img alt="MTH302 Short Notes from lec 1 to 22 for Mid Term" border="0" data-original-height="669" data-original-width="944" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis1IxdbeQ59nrEIo0OammCwdw1AtXpSNPJlhYF4bIYXqUEvdlkfxk5Qn9MlIUEM4KZNvFsRCPgtjWn6pQZHG32jtNME3bXtQ6Yfez5RihSO1aMI_jh0uOd5yXmcFmmLD-xzEd9Z_29FmQ/s400/MTH302+Short+Notes+from+lec+1+to+22+for+Mid+Term.png" title="MTH302 Short Notes for Mid Term" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MTH302 Short Notes from lec 1 to 22 for Mid Term</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">You Can Also Download <b>Solved Mid Term Papers</b>, <b>Short Notes</b>, Assignment Solutions, Lecture Wise Questions Answers Files, Solved MCQs, Solved Quiz , <b>Solved </b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Mid</b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b> Term Subjective Papers</b> , <b>Solved </b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Mid</b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b> Term Objective Papers</b> from Virtual Study Solutions For Preparation of Mid Term Examination.</span><br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MTH302 Short Notes for Mid term Sample Preview:</span></h4> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">You can see the preview of Sample page of MTH302 Short Notes from lec 1 to 22 for Mid Term below:</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoHDZKOvO0GhsT7ic9AUv2eeezbCR02_3tcj3abXDHY6nydfUcxzzgd1lESNXF-hVNy5wGB_Lgg_z2Tw9vmkzhaR20fs7AvzWIHfNdSN3yTalqVzb8IZgWC46geOo90K_qnfD9X4bkFU4/s1600/MTH302+Short+notes+from+lec+1+to+22+for+Mid+term+Sample+Preview.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="MTH302 Short Notes from lec 1 to 22 for Mid Term Sample Page Preview" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="973" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoHDZKOvO0GhsT7ic9AUv2eeezbCR02_3tcj3abXDHY6nydfUcxzzgd1lESNXF-hVNy5wGB_Lgg_z2Tw9vmkzhaR20fs7AvzWIHfNdSN3yTalqVzb8IZgWC46geOo90K_qnfD9X4bkFU4/s640/MTH302+Short+notes+from+lec+1+to+22+for+Mid+term+Sample+Preview.png" title="MTH302 Short Notes for Mid Term Sample Page Preview" width="640" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MTH302 Short Notes from lec 1 to 22 for Mid Term Sample Page Preview</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <h4 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MTH302 Short Notes for Mid Term</span></h4> <div> <span style="background-color: white; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px;">You can download MTH302 Short Notes from lecture no 1 to 22 for Mid Term in .docx format from the download button below.</span></div> <div> <span style="background-color: white; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px;"><br /></span> <h3> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Download MTH302 Short Notes from Lecture 1 to 22</span></h3> <div> <div class="post-table"> <table><thead> <tr><th><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">File Name</span></th><th><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Download Link</span></th></tr> </thead><tbody> <tr><td data-label="First Name"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>MTH302 Short Notes from lec 1 to 22 for Mid Term.docx </span></td><td data-label="Last Name"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a class="button large download" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HaoOk7Flxr8VdE5KHH2Co4VUrC1S7FMr/view" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Download</a></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <span style="background-color: white; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px;"></span><br /> <div class="post-table"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Share your valuable feedback in comments section. Thank You.</span></div> </div> </div>

MTH302 Short Notes from lec 1 to 22 for Mid Term

MTH302 Short Notes for Mid Term Here You can read online or download MTH302 - Business Mathematics and Statistics  Short Notes from lec...

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CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term</span></h3> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Here You can download <b>CS101</b> - Introduction to Computing <b>Solved Short Notes</b> for Preparation of <b>Final Term</b> Examination <b>Spring 2017</b>. Previously we shar</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ed <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2017/06/cs101-all-solved-final-term-past-papers.html">CS101 All Solved Final Term Past Papers</a>. Download Links has been added below.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_XvxGrUqto9IFMTWcWbwV3NfD0MHPxb7B691dfau_h3Bjtloy3A5dhLm6B2-_cQ4OE_oXU_8ilPw74XT38QXAO4yP-lfNaUpRkNTg3jTyNL5bkCfTmR8Hgu8GEWck5672iPIdVR9BPZQ/s1600/CS101+Solved+short+notes+for+Final+term.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term Examination" border="0" data-original-height="669" data-original-width="944" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_XvxGrUqto9IFMTWcWbwV3NfD0MHPxb7B691dfau_h3Bjtloy3A5dhLm6B2-_cQ4OE_oXU_8ilPw74XT38QXAO4yP-lfNaUpRkNTg3jTyNL5bkCfTmR8Hgu8GEWck5672iPIdVR9BPZQ/s320/CS101+Solved+short+notes+for+Final+term.png" title="CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term Examination" width="320" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term Examination</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Recommended : </b><a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2017/06/cs101-solved-mcqs-for-final-term.html">CS101 Solved MCQs for Final Term</a></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">You Can Also Download<b> Solved Final Term Papers</b>, Short Notes, Assignment Solutions, Lecture Wise Questions Answers Files, Solved MCQs, Solved Quiz , <u>Solved Final Term Subjective Papers</u> , <u>Solved Final Term Objective Papers</u> from Virtual Study Solutions For Preparation of </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Final</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> Term Examination.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2017/05/all-cs-subjects-mid-term-past-papers.html">All CS Subjects Mid Term Past Papers Collection</a></span><br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term Sample Page</span></h3> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">You can see the preview of Sample page of CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term below:</span></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggATR5jOaWU9MfrVelDNbF7B8h1nQnEsBv1Ku9YIhjUCYfrnfvm_Til1c05jcnJ7jm_yc4S3OweY-RatkD_RaQkDH9tlioqSC_KD5gYNEcZ_bDXkguznzVkbYvICxLrl_SKOOM3BKeDGo/s1600/cs101+short+notes+for+final+term+exams.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Preview of CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term Sample Page" border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="477" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggATR5jOaWU9MfrVelDNbF7B8h1nQnEsBv1Ku9YIhjUCYfrnfvm_Til1c05jcnJ7jm_yc4S3OweY-RatkD_RaQkDH9tlioqSC_KD5gYNEcZ_bDXkguznzVkbYvICxLrl_SKOOM3BKeDGo/s1600/cs101+short+notes+for+final+term+exams.bmp" title="Preview of CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term Sample Page" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Preview of CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term Sample Page</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <h4 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Download CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term</span></h4> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Google Drive : <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_kUTY4QK9e8dV9WZzRBbVM4eFU" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cs101_short_notes_final_term_exam.pdf</a><br /><br />Media Fire : <a href="https://www.mediafire.com/file/ud0eme2lj7nxz4v/CS101%20Final%20term%20solved%20short%20Questions%20%5Bvirtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com%5D.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cs101_short_notes_final_term_exam.pdf</a></span><div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">If this was helpful Please share with your friends. Thank You</span></div> </div>

CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term

CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term Here You can download  CS101 - Introduction to Computing Solved Short Notes for Preparation of ...

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STA301 Definitions and Formulas From Lec 1 to 22

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">STA301 Definitions and Formulas</span></h3> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Here You can read and download <b>STA301</b> - Statistics and Probability <b>Definitions and Formulas</b> From <b>Lecture 01 to 22 </b>for Preparation of <b>Mid Term</b> Exam. Previously we shared <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2016/12/sta301-midterm-subjective-past-papers.html">STA301 Midterm Subjective Past Papers</a>.</span></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4bJ8fNJdFkiD2dSs_pC524UcdYIfaJDA8xMOIWXE4qgW4CgkZNcu6crJxaJZQHkDlHmNJ9GcMvQFInGlrD-MgIH9cl0NFA_IBoapmGnhnEMYpO_Nmu1uxu7nTGHOy7NrjnGKa2ZwTEyc/s1600/STA301+Definitions+and+Formulas+From+Lecture+01+to+22.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="STA301 - Statistics and Probability Definitions and Formulas From Lecture 01 to 22" border="0" data-original-height="243" data-original-width="478" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4bJ8fNJdFkiD2dSs_pC524UcdYIfaJDA8xMOIWXE4qgW4CgkZNcu6crJxaJZQHkDlHmNJ9GcMvQFInGlrD-MgIH9cl0NFA_IBoapmGnhnEMYpO_Nmu1uxu7nTGHOy7NrjnGKa2ZwTEyc/s400/STA301+Definitions+and+Formulas+From+Lecture+01+to+22.png" title="STA301 - Statistics and Probability Definitions and Formulas From Lecture 01 to 22" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">STA301 - Statistics and Probability Definitions and Formulas From Lecture 01 to 22</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <h4 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Download STA301 Definitions and Formulas </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">From Lec 01 to 22 </span></h4> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.mediafire.com/?62327dvbwuicl41" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">STA301_definitions_and_formulasfrom_lecture_01_to_22.pdf</a></span></div> <div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Definitions From Lecture 01 to 22 </span></h3> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Statistics:</b><br /><br />Statistics is that science which enables to draw conclusions about various phenomena one the basis of real data collected on sample basis.<br /><br />OR<br /><br />Statistics is a science of facts and figures.<br /><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/zohaib/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" /><br /><br /><b>INFERENTIAL STATISTICS:</b><br /><br />That branch of Statistics which enables us to draw conclusions or inferences about various phenomena on the basis of real data collected on sample basis.<br /><br /><b>Data:</b></span><div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />A well defined collection of objects is known as data.<br /><br /><b>Qualitative data:</b><br /><br />Data that are labels or names used to identify an attribute of each element. Qualitative data may be non numeric or numeric.<br /><br /><b>Qualitative variable:</b><br />A variable with qualitative data.<br /><br /><b>Quantitative data:</b><br /><br />Data that indicate how much or how many of something. Quantitative data are always numeric.<br /><br /><b>Variable:</b><br />A measurable quantity which can vary from one individual or object to another is called a variable.<br /><br /><b>Nominal Scale:</b><br />The classification or grouping of observations into mutually exclusive qualitative categories is said to constitute a nominal scale e.g. students are classified as male and female. <img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/zohaib/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" /><br /><br /><b>Ordinal Scale:</b><br /><br />It includes the characteristic of a nominal scale and in addition has the property of ordering or ranking of measurements e.g. the performance of students can be rated as excellent, good or poor.<br /><br /><b>Interval Scale:</b><br /><br />A measurement scale possessing a constant interval size but not true zero point is called an Interval Scale.<br /><br /><b>Ratio Scale:</b><br /><br />It is a special kind of an interval scale in which the scale of measurement has a true zero point as its origin.</span></div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /><b>Biased Errors: </b><br /><br />An error is said to be biased when the observed value is consistently and constantly higher or lower than the true value. <br /><br /><b>Unbiased Errors or Random Errors: </b><br /><br />An error, on the other hand, is said to be unbiased when the deviations, i.e. the excesses and defects, from the true value tend to occur equally often. <br /><br /><b>Primary Data: </b><br />The data published or used by an organization which originally collected them are called primary data thus the primary data are the first hand information collected, complied, and published by an organization for a certain purpose. <br /><br /><b>Secondary Data: </b><br />The data published or used by an organization other than the one which originally collected them are known as secondary data. <br /><br /><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/zohaib/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" /><br /><b>DIRECT PERSONAL INVESTIGATION: </b></span><div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />In this method, an investigator collects the information personally from the individuals concerned. Since he interviews the informants himself, the information collected is generally considered quite accurate and complete. <br /><br /><b>INDIRECT INVESTIGATION: </b><br /><br />Sometimes the direct sources do not exist or the informants hesitate to respond for some reason or other. In such a case, third parties or witnesses having information are interviewed. <br /><br /><b>Population: </b><br /><br />The collection of all individuals, items or data under consideration in statistical study is called Population. <br /><br /><b>Sample: </b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />A sample is a group of units selected from a larger group (the population). By studying the sample it is hoped to draw valid conclusions about the larger group. <br /><br />OR <br /><br />Sample is that part of the Population from which information is collected. <br /><br /><b>SAMPLING FRAME: </b><br /><br />A sampling frame is a complete list of all the elements in the population. <br /><br /><b>Sampling Error: </b><br />The sampling error is the difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter. <br /><br /><b>Non-Sampling Error: </b><br /><br />Such errors which are not attributable to sampling but arise in the process of data collection even if a complete count is carried out. <br /><br /><b>Sampling with replacement: </b><br /><br />Once an element has been included in the sample, it is returned to the population. A previously selected element can be selected again and therefore may appear in the sample more than once. <br /><br /><b>Sampling without replacement: </b><br /><br />Once an element has been included in the sample, it is removed from the population and cannot be selected a second time.</span></div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /><b>Standard error: </b><br /><br />The standard deviation of a point estimator. <br /><br />AND <br /><br />The degree of scatter of the observed values about the regression line measured by what is called standard deviation of regression or standard error of estimate. <br /><br /><b>Sampling Unit: </b><br /><br />The units selected for sampling. A sampling unit may include several elements. <br /><br /><b>NON-RANDOM SAMPLING: </b><br />Nonrandom sampling’ implies that kind of sampling in which the population units are drawn into the sample by using one’s personal judgment. This type of sampling is also known as purpose sampling. <br /><br /><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/zohaib/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" /><br /><b>Quota Sampling: </b><br /><br />Quota sampling is a method of sampling widely used in opinion polling and market research. Interviewers are each given a quota of subjects of specified type to attempt to recruit for example, an interviewer might be told to go out and select 20 adult men and 20 adult women, 10 teenage girls and 10 teenage boys so that they could interview them about their television viewing. <br /><br /><b>RANDOM SAMPLING: </b><br />The theory of statistical sampling rests on the assumption that the selection of the sample units has been carried out in a random manner. <br /><br />By random sampling we mean sampling that has been done by adopting the lottery method. <img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/zohaib/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" /> <br /><br /><b>Simple random sampling: </b><br />Finite population: a sample selected such that each possible sample of size n has the same probability of being selected. Infinite population: a sample selected such that each element comes from the same population and the elements are selected independently. <br /><br /><b>Pie Chart: </b><br /><br />Pie Chart consists of a circle which is divided into two or more mars in accordance with the number of distinct classes that we have in our data. <br /><br /><b>SIMPLE BAR CHART: </b><br />A simple bar chart consists of horizontal or vertical bars of equal width and lengths proportional to values they represent. <br /><br /><b>MULTIPLE BAR CHARTS: </b><br />This kind of a chart consists of a set of grouped bars, the lengths of which are proportionate to the values of our variables, and each of which is shaded or colored differently in order to aid identification. <br /><br /><b>CLASS BOUNDARIES: </b><br /><br />The true class limits of a class are known as its class boundaries. <br /><br /><b>HISTOGRAM: </b><br /><br />A histogram consists of a set of adjacent rectangles whose bases are marked off by class boundaries along the X-axis, and whose heights are proportional to the frequencies associated with the respective classes. <br /><br /><b>FREQUENCY POLYGON: </b><br /><br />A frequency polygon is obtained by plotting the class frequencies against the mid-points of the classes, and connecting the points so obtained by straight line segments. <br /><br /><b>FREQUENCY CURVE: </b><br /><br />When the frequency polygon is smoothed, we obtain what may be called the frequency curve. <br /><br /><b>CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION: </b><br /><br />As in the case of the frequency distribution of a discrete variable, if we start adding the frequencies of our frequency table column-wise, we obtain the column of cumulative frequencies. <br /><br /><b>AVERAGES (I.E. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY): </b><br /><br />A single value which intended to represent a distribution or a set of data as a whole is called an average. It is more or less a central value around which the observations tend to cluster so it is called measure of central tendency. Since measure of central tendency indicate the location of the distribution on X axis so it is also called measure of location. <br /><br /><b>The Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic means </b><br /><br />Are averages that are mathematical in character, and give an indication of the magnitude of the observed values. <br /><br /><b>The Median </b><br /><br />Indicates the middle position while the mode provides information about the most frequent value in the distribution or the set of data. <br /><br /><b>THE MODE: </b><br /><br />The Mode is defined as that value which occurs most frequently in a set of data i.e. it indicates the most common result. <img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/zohaib/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" /> <br /><br /><b>DOT PLOT: </b><br /><br />The horizontal axis of a dot plot contains a scale for the quantitative variable that we want to represent. The numerical value of each measurement in the data set is located on the horizontal scale by a dot. <br /><br /><b>GROUPING ERROR: </b><br />“Grouping error” refers to the error that is introduced by the assumption that all the values falling in a class are equal to the mid-point of the class interval. <br /><br /><b>Ogive: </b><br /><br />A graph of a cumulative distribution. <br /><br /><b>Dispersion: <img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/zohaib/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" /> </b><br /><br />The variability that exists between data set. <br /><br /><b>Range: </b><br /><br />The range is defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum values of a data set. <br /><br /><b>The coefficient of variation: </b><br /><br />The coefficient of variation expresses the standard deviation as the percentage of the arithmetic mean. <br /><br /><b>Quartiles: </b><br /><br />Quartiles are those three quantities that divide the distribution into four equal parts. <br /></span><div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Quartile Deviation: </b><br /><br />The quartile deviation is defined as half of the difference between the first and third quartiles. <br /><br /><b>Quantiles: </b><br /><br />Collectively the quartiles, the deciles, percentiles and other values obtained by equal sub-division of the data are called quantiles. <br /><br /><b>Percentiles: </b><br /><br />Percentiles are those ninety nine quantities that divide the distribution into hundred equal parts <br /><br /><b>Absolute measure of dispersion: </b><br />An absolute measure of dispersion is one that measures the dispersion in terms of the same units or in the square of units, as the units of the data. <br /><br /><b>Relative measure of dispersion: </b><br /><br /><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/zohaib/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" /><br />Relative measure of dispersion is one that is expressed in the form of a ratio, co-efficient of percentage and is independent of the units of measurement. <br /><br /><b>COEFFICIENT OF QUARTILE DEVIATION: </b><br />The Coefficient of Quartile Deviation is a pure number and is used for COMPARING the variation in two or more sets of data. <br /><br /><b>Mean Deviation: </b><br /><br />The mean deviation is defined as the arithmetic mean of the deviations measured either from the mean or from the median, all deviations being counted as positive. <br /><br /><b>Variance: </b><br /><br />Variance is defined as the square of the standard deviation. <br /><br /><b>Standard Deviation: </b><br /><br />Standard Deviation is defined as the positive square root of the mean of the squared deviations of the values from their mean. <br /><br /><b>Five-number summary: </b><br /><br />An exploratory data analysis technique that uses the following five numbers to summarize the data set: smallest value, first quartile, median, third quartile, and largest value. <br /><br /><b>Moments: </b><br /><br />Moments are the arithmetic means of the powers to which the deviations are raised.<br /><br /><b>Correlation: </b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b>Correlation is a measure of the strength or the degree of relationship between two random variables. OR Interdependence of two variables is called correlation. OR Correlation is a technique which measures the strength of association between two variables. <br /><br /><b>RANDOM EXPERIMENT: </b><br /><br />An experiment which produces different results even though it is repeated a large number of times under essentially similar conditions is called a Random Experiment. <br /><br /><b>SAMPLE SPACE: </b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />A set consisting of all possible outcomes that can result from a random experiment (real or conceptual), can be defined as the sample space for the experiment and is denoted by the letter S. Each possible outcome is a member of the sample space, and is called a sample point in that space. <br /><br /><b>SIMPLE & COMPOUND EVENTS: </b><br />An event that contains exactly one sample point is defined as a simple event. A compound event contains more than one sample point, and is produced by the union of simple events. <br /><br /><b>MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS: </b><br />Two events A and B of a single experiment are said to be mutually exclusive or disjoint if and only if they cannot both occur at the same time i.e. they have no points in common. <br /><br /><b>EXHAUSTIVE EVENTS: </b><br /><br />Events are said to be collectively exhaustive, when the union of mutually exclusive events is equal to the entire sample space S. <br /><br /><b>EQUALLY LIKELY EVENTS: </b><br /><br />Two events A and B are said to be equally likely, when one event is as likely to occur as the other. In other words, each event should occur in equal number in repeated trials. <br /><br /><b>Skewness: </b><br /><br />Skewness  is the lack of symmetry in a distribution around some central value (mean, median or mode).It is thus the degree of a symmetry. <img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/zohaib/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.jpg" /> <br /><br /><b>Kurtosis: </b><br /><br />Kurtosis is the degree of peakness of a distribution usually taken relative to a normal distribution. <br /><br /><b>MOMENTS: </b><br /><br />A moment designates the power to which deviations are raised before averaging them. <br /><br /><b>Probability: </b><br /><br />Probability is defined as the ratio of favorable cases over equally likely cases. <br /><br /><b>SUBJECTIVE OR PERSONALISTIC PROBABILITY</b>: <br /><br />Probability in this sense is purely subjective, and is based on whatever evidence is available to the individual. It has a disadvantage that two or more persons faced with the same evidence may arrive at different probabilities. <br /><br /><b>Conditional Probability: </b><br />The probability of the occurrence of an event A when it is known that some other event B has already occurred is called the conditional probability. <br /><br /><b>MULTIPLICATION LAW: </b><br /><br />“The probability that two events A and B will both occur is equal to the probability that one of the events will occur multiplied by the conditional probability that the other event will occur given that the first event has already occurred.” <br /><br /><b>INDEPENDENT EVENTS: </b><br />Two events A and B in the same sample space S, are defined to be independent (or statistically independent) if the probability that one event occurs, is not affected by whether the other event has or has not occurred, <br /><br /><b>Baye’s theorem: </b><br />A method used to compute posterior probabilities. <br /><br /><b>RANDOM VARIABLE: </b><br /><br />Such a numerical quantity whose value is determined by the outcome of a random experiment is called a random variable. <br /><br /><b>Discrete random variable: </b><br /><br />A random variable that may assume either a finite number of values or an infinite sequence of values. <br /><br /><b>Set: </b><br /><br />A set is any well-defined collection or list of distinct objects, e.g. a group of students, the books in a library, the integers between 1 and 100, all human beings on the earth, etc. </span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /><b>SUBSET: </b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />A set that consists of some elements of another set, is called a subset of that set. For example, if B is a subset of A, then every member of set B is also a member of set A. If B is a subset of A, we write: (B Ì A) <br /><br /><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/zohaib/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" /><br /><b>PROPER SUBSET: </b><br /><br />If a set B contains some but not all of the elements of another set A, while A contains each element of B, then the set B is defined to be a proper subset of A. <br /><br /><b>Universal Set: </b><br />The original set of which all the sets we talk about, are subsets, is called the universal set (or the space) and is generally denoted by S or Ω. <br /><br /><b>VENN DIAGRAM: </b><br /><br />A diagram that is understood to represent sets by circular regions, parts of circular regions or their complements with respect to a rectangle representing the space S is called a Venn diagram, named after the English logician John Venn (1834-1923). <br /><br />The Venn diagrams are used to represent sets and subsets in a pictorial way and to verify the relationship among sets and subsets. <br /><br /><b>UNION OF SETS: </b><br /><br />The union or sum of two sets A and B, denoted by (A È B) , and read as “A union B”, means the set of all elements that belong to at least one of the sets A and B, that is <br /><br />(A È B) <br /><br /><b>INTERSECTION OF SETS: </b><br /><br />The intersection of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∩B, and read as “A intersection B”, means that the set of all elements that belong to both A and B. <br /><br /><b>OPERATIONS ON SETS: </b><br /><br />The basic operations are union, intersection, difference and complementation. <br /><br /><b>SET DIFFERENCE: </b><br /><br />The difference of two sets A and B, denoted by A – B or by A – (A ∩ B), is the set of all elements of A which do not belong to B. <br /><br /><b>DISJOINT SETS: </b><br /><br />Two sets A and B are defined to be disjoint or mutually exclusive or non-overlapping when they have no elements in common, i.e. when their intersection is an empty set i.e. <br /><br />A Ç B = f <br /><br /><b>Conjoint Sets: </b><br /><br />Two sets A and B are said to be conjoint when they have at least one element in common. <br /><br /><b>COMPLEMENTATION: </b><br />The particular difference S – A, that is, the set o f all those elements of S which do not belong to A, is called the complement of A and is denoted by A or by Ac.</span></div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /><b>POWER SET: </b><br /><br />The class of ALL subsets of a set A is called the Power Set of A and is denoted by P(A). For example, if A = {H, T}, then P(A) = {φ, {H}, {T}, {H, T}}. <br /><br /><b>CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS: </b><br /><br />The Cartesian product of sets A and B, denoted by A × B, (read as “A cross B”), is a set that contains all ordered pairs (x, y), where x belongs to A and y belongs to B. <br /><br />This set is also called the Cartesian set of A and B set of A and B, named after the French mathematician Rene’ Descartes (1596-1605). <br /><br /><b>TREE DIAGRAM: </b><br /><br />The “tree” is constructed from the left to the righ t. A “tree diagram” is a useful device for enumerating all the possible outcomes of two or more sequential events. <br /><br /><b>PERMUTATION: </b><br /><br />A permutation is any ordered subset from a set of n distinct objects. <br /><br />OR <br /><br />An arrangement of all or some of a set of objects in a definite order is called permutation. </span><div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /><b>COMBINATION: </b><br /><br />A combination is any subset of r objects, selected without regard to their order, from a set of n distinct objects. <br /><br /><b>OCCURRENCE OF AN EVENT: </b><br /><br />An event A is said to occur if and only if the outcome of the experiment corresponds to some element of A. <img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/zohaib/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" /> <br /><br /><b>PARTITION OF SETS: </b><br /><br />A partition of a set S is a sub-division of the set into non-empty subsets that are disjoint and exhaustive, i.e. their union is the set S itself. <br /><br /><b>CLASS OF SETS: </b><br /><br />A set of sets is called a class. For example, in a set of lines, each line is a set of points. <br /><br /><b>DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION: </b><br />The distribution function of a random variable X, denoted by F(x), is defined by F(x) = P(X < x). </span><h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">STA301 – Statistics and Probability Mid Term Solved Papers</span></h3> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">You can download STA301 Past Mid Term Solved Papers from the links below: </span></div> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li><b>Waqar Siddhu Solved Files</b> <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/sh/f6yhpbpft5ld4h1/AADtur_BXBR1WHhjfvkksdxGa?dl=0" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Download</a></li> <li><b>Moaaz Solved Files</b> <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/sh/so9h3gdlqi5krqc/AADy8jAWzJyRFRFsgCuap_EZa?dl=0" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Download</a></li> <li><b>Other Students</b> <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/sh/xwzadm0lc6l8ntj/AACEZ7dLUX5beZfYrzBkQCFea?dl=0" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Download</a></li> </ul> <div> If You liked This Post Please share with Your Friends. 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STA301 Definitions and Formulas From Lec 1 to 22

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CS201 Solved Questions and Solved MCQs 2017

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CS201 Solved Questions and MCQs </span></h3> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Here You can read and Download <b>Cs201</b> - Introduction to Programming 40 <b>Solved Questions </b>and 300 s<b>olved MCQs </b>for Preparation of <b>Midterm Examination</b> of Spring 2017.</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicebdwpjwIyT81itDrlZG0fg5cCRZtB5UrQnOoIZwFIJyF3ZsOcATAryr1fyeuD8oKfI_4g-cgssRTO32M48y88x8FJs8h9g8jQ_3hXBaQWuEbESmxYO2ntQVmw-G-8L114dCE6Trs5Ec/s1600/cs201+40+solved+questions+-+300+solved+mcqs.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="CS201 40 Solved Questions and 300 solved MCQs " border="0" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicebdwpjwIyT81itDrlZG0fg5cCRZtB5UrQnOoIZwFIJyF3ZsOcATAryr1fyeuD8oKfI_4g-cgssRTO32M48y88x8FJs8h9g8jQ_3hXBaQWuEbESmxYO2ntQVmw-G-8L114dCE6Trs5Ec/s400/cs201+40+solved+questions+-+300+solved+mcqs.png" title="CS201 40 Solved Questions and 300 solved MCQs " width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CS201 40 Solved Questions and 300 solved MCQs </span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2017/04/cs201-assignment-no-1-solution-spring-2017.html">CS201 Assignment No 1 Solution Spring 2017</a></span><div> <br /><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">You Can Also Download CS201 </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Solved Mid Term Papers, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CS201 </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Short Notes, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CS201 </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Assignment Solutions, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CS201 </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lecture Wise Questions Answers Files, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CS201 </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Solved MCQs, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CS201 </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Solved Quiz , </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CS201 </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Solved Mid Term Subjective Papers , </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CS201 </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Solved Mid Term Objective Papers from Virtual Study Solutions For Preparation of Mid Term Papers.</span></div> <div> <h4 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Download Link for CS201 300 Solved MCQs</span></h4> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">You can downlod 300 Solved MCQs of Cs201 - introduction to Programming.</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.mediafire.com/?ct402uf5q81yn6z" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cs201_300_solved_mcqs.pdf</a></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CS201 Question and Answers Part 1</span></h3> </div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question No: 1 </b><br />Write a declaration statement for an array of 10 elements of type float. Include an initialization statement of the first four elements to 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0.<br /><b><br /></b></span><div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br />float floatArry[10] = {1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0};<br /><br /><b>Question No: 2 </b><br />Write the general syntax for the declaration of pre-increment and post-increment member operator function.<br /><b><br /></b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br />Class name operator ++(); —- pre increment<br />Class name operator ++(int) —- post increment<br /><br /><b>Question No: 3 </b><br />Give the general syntax of class template.<br /><b><br /></b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br />template<br />class myclass { —} ;<br /><br /><b>Question No: 4 </b><br />What is a truth Table?<br /><b><br /></b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br />There are some areas where the decision structures become very complicated. Sometimes, we find it difficult to evaluate a complicated logical expression. Sometimes the logic becomes extremely complicated so that even writing it as a simple syntax statement in any language. It becomes complicated to determine what will be evaluated in what way. We know the concept of truth table. The truth tables are very important. These are still a tool available for analyzing logical expressions. We will read logic design in future, which is actually to do with chips and gates. How we put these things together.<br /><br /><b>Question No: 5</b><br />What will be the output of following code, if user input a number 123?<br />int input ;<br />cin >> oct >> input;<br />cout hex input ;<br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br />53<br />Rational: it will take 123 as octal and print it in hex form which is 53.<br /><br /><br /><b>Question No: 6</b><br />What is principle of friendship in the context of functions and classes?<br /><b><br /></b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br />Class can declare a friend function and someone from outside the class cannot declare itself friend of a class.<br />A friend function can access the private variables of class just like a member function<br /><br /><b>Question No: 7</b>How many arguments a Unary Operator take? Can we make a binary operator as unary operator?<br /><b><br /></b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br />Unary operator takes only one argument like i++ or i— (Post increment or post decrements operators for integers) or ++i,–i (Pre increment or pre decrement operators for integers) ,we can not make Unary operator as binary or binary as Unary operator.<br /><br /><b>Question No: 8 </b><br />Which arithmetic operators cannot have a floating point operand?<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />Modulus operator:<br />This operator can only be used with integer operands ONLY<br /><br /><b>Question No: 9</b><br />What are manipulators? Give one example.<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />The manipulators are like something that can be inserted into stream, effecting a change in the behavior. For example, if we have a floating point number, say pi (л), and have written it as float pi = 3.1415926 ; Now there is need of printing the value of pi up to two decimal places i.e. 3.14. This is a formatting functionality. For this, we have a manipulator that tells about width and number of decimal points of a number being printed.<br /><br /><b>Question No: 10</b><br />Write down piece of code that will declare a matrix of 3×3. And initialize all its locations with 0;<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />int matrix [3] [3] ;<br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">include<br />main () {<br />int matrix [3][3];<br />int inivalue = 0;<br /><br />for (int a=0;a<3;a++)<br />{ for (int b = 0;b<3;b++)<br />{ matrix[a][b]= inivalue;<br />cout/p><br />}</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div> <b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Recommended : </b><a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2016/12/CS201-Solved-Subjective-Midterm-Past-Paper.html" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CS201 Solved Subjective Midterm Past Paper - 2009</a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CS201 Question and Answers Part 2</span></h3> </div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question No: 11</b><br />What is the difference between switch statement and if statement.<br /><b><br /></b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br />The “If” statement is used to select among two alternatives. It uses a Boolean expression to decide which alternative should be executed. The switch statement is used to select among multiple alternatives. It uses an int expression to determine which alternative should be executed.<br /><br /><b>Question No: 12</b><br />How can we initialize data members of contained object at construction time?<br /><b><br />Answer:</b><br />Initializer list is used to initialize the contained objects at the construction time.<br /><br /><b>Question No: 13</b><br />Can we overload new and delete operators?<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />Yes, it is possible to overload new and delete operators to customize memory management. These operators can be overloaded in global (non-member) scope and in class scope as member operators.<br /><br /><b>Question No: 14</b><br />Suppose there is a template function ‘func’ having argument of type U and return type T. What will be the C++ syntax to call this function, passing a variable ‘x’ of type double and returning an int type?<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />template<br />T func (T a, U b) {<br />return (a<br />}<br />calling<br />int i;<br />double x;<br />x = func<br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question No: 15</b><br />Which variable will be used in inner code block if we have the same names of variable at outer code block and inner code block?<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b>Simply: variable of the inner code is use in the inner code block.<br /><br /><b>Question No: 16</b><br />What is the benefit of reference and where can we use it?<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />In references we give the memory address of the object, due to references we pass values without making the copy. Hence, when we have many values & we want efficiency we use references to avoid copy.<br /><br /><b>Question No: 17</b><br />Write the C++ code for the declaration of overloaded stream insertion and stream extraction operator for the object d of type Date.<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />Date operator >> (date & d1){<br />cout<”-”<”-”/p><br />}<br /><br /><b>Question No: 18</b><br />What is difference between endl and \n?<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />Endl is manipulator and it inserts new line character and flushes the stream.<br /><br />\n is control character which is used to insert line break.<br /><br /><b>Question No: 19</b><br />What does code optimization mean?<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />It is process by which we make our code in such a way that it improves the speed of program. By use of optimization we refine program codes in such a way that it run faster and consume less memory. We do it in such a way that output quality is not compromised.<br /><br /><b>Question No: 20</b><br />How is the following cout statement interpreted by compiler?<br /><br />cout a b c ;<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />It will give a compiler error because a,b,c are not declared.</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2016/12/cs201-solved-subjective-midterm-paper.html">CS201 Solved Subjective Midterm Paper 2011</a></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CS201 Question and Answers Part 3</span></h3> </div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question No: 21</b><br />Suppose an object of class A is declared as data member of class B.<br /><br />(i) The constructor of which class will be called first?<br /><b>Answer:</b> A<br />(ii) The destructor of which class will be called first?<br /><b>Answer:</b> B<br /><br /><b>Question No: 22</b><br />What will be the output of following functions if we call these functions three times?<br />1)<br />void func1(){<br />int x = 0;<br />x++;<br />cout x endl;<br />}<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br /><br />1<br />1<br />1<br />2)<br />void func2(){<br />static int x = 0 ;<br />x++;<br />cout x endl ;<br />}<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />1<br />2<br />3<br /><br /><b>Question No: 23</b><br />If is not available in the system then what does calloc/malloc and new operator return?<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />calloc/malloc and new operator return returns a null pointer to indicate that no memory is available<br /><br /><b>Question No: 24</b><br />What is the keyword ‘this’ and what are the uses of ‘this’ pointer?<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />‘this’ is use to refer the current class member without using the name of the class.<br /><br /><b>Question No: 25</b><br />Which one (copy constructor or assignment operator) will be called in each of the following code segment?<br /><br />1) Matrix m1 (m2);<br />2) Matrix m1, m2;<br />m1 = m2;<br />3) Matrix m1 = m2;<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />1) Matrix m1 (m2); copy constructor<br />2) Matrix m1, m2;<br />m1 = m2; assignment operator<br />3) Matrix m1 = m2; assignment operator<br /><br /><b>Question No: 26</b><br />What will be the output of following function if we call this function by passing int 5?<br /><br />template T reciprocal(T x) {return (1/x); }<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />0<br />The output will zero as 1/5 and its .05 but conversion to int make it zero<br />Above is prototype of template class so assume passing an int and returning an int<br /><br /><b>Question No: 27</b><br /><br />Identify the errors in the following member operator function and also correct them.<br /><br />math * operator(math m);<br />math * operator (math m)<br />{<br />math temp;<br />temp.number= number * number;<br />return number;<br /><br />}<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />The errors are in the arguments of the member operation function and also in the body of operator member function.<br />Correct function should be<br />math *operator (math *m)<br />{<br />math temp;<br />temp = m;<br />temp.number= number * number;<br />return temp.number;<br /><br />}<br /><br /><b>Question No: 28</b><br />What are the limitations of the friendship relation between classes?<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />friendship relation between classes is a one way relation that is if one class declare friend another class then the another class is the friend of first class but not the first class if the friend of another class.<br /><br /><b>Question No: 29</b><br />Define static variable. Also explain life time of static variable?<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />When you declare a static variable (native data type or object) inside a function, it is created and initialized only once during the lifetime of the program.<br /><br /><b>Question No: 30</b><br /><br />What is difference between Unary and binary operators and how they can be overloaded?<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />Unary operator takes one argument.<br />a ++ is an example of unary operator<br /><br />Binary take two operators<br />+,-,* are example of binary operators<br />Overloaded binary operator may return any type<br /><br />Here is general syntax of overloading<br />Return-type operator symbol (parameters);<br /><br />Operator is keyword</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Recommended : </b><a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2016/02/cs201-latest-solved-mcqs-23-to-45.html">CS201 Latest Solved MCQs (23 to 45 Lectures)</a></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CS201 Question and Answers Part 4</span></h3> </div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question No: 31</b><br />What steps we must follow to design good program?<br /><br /><b>Answer 1:</b><br />Hence to design a program properly, we must:<br />Analyze a problem statement, typically expressed as a word problem.<br />Express its essence, abstractly and with examples.<br />Formulate statements and comments in a precise language.<br />Evaluate and revise the activities in light of checks and tests and<br />Pay attention to detail.<br /><br /><b>Answer 2:</b><br />Details: we must check very details of any program. It is very important aspect of any program. We must pay complete attention to calculation.<br />We must give attention to logic and its flow should be smooth.<br /><br />Reusable: We must write program in such a way that we can reuse them in other program. Like we define function in such a way that in future if we need any similar kind of function is requires in that case we can easily modify or reuse it.<br /><br />Comments: we write the details of important steps in the form of comments. We should use comments in such a way if any body else wanted to reuse or debug or codes he can easily understand it.<br /><br />Code readability: We should use Tab and spaces so codes are easily readable.<br /><br />User interface: we make interface user friendly. Use polite prompts for user while take input.<br /><br /><b>Question No: 32</b><br />Write a program which defines five variables which store the salaries of five employees, using setw and setfill manipulators to display all these salaries in a column.<br />Note: Display all data with in a particular width and the empty space should be filled with character x<br />Output should be displayed as given below:<br />xxxxxx1000<br />xxxxxx1500<br />xxxxx20000<br />xxxxx30000<br />xxxxx60000<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b>#include<br />#include<br />main(){<br />int sal1 =1000;<br />int sal2 =1500;<br />int sal3 =20000;<br />int sal4 =30000;<br />int sal5 =60000;<br /><br />cout setfill (‘x’) setw (10);<br />cout sal1/p><br />cout setfill (‘x’) setw (10);<br />cout sal2/p><br />cout setfill (‘x’) setw (10);<br />cout sal3/p><br />cout setfill (‘x’) setw (10);<br />cout sal4/p><br />cout setfill (‘x’) setw (10);<br />cout sal5/p><br />int i=0;<br />cin>>i; // to stop the screen to show the output<br />}<br /><br /><b>Question No: 33</b><br />Suppose we have the following class.<br /><br />class Matrix<br />{<br />private:<br />int Elements[3][3];<br />};<br /><br />Write the operator function of stream extraction operator (>>) for this class.<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />Element operator >> (Element &element){<br />cout/p><br />cout/p><br />cout/p><br />}<br /><br /><b>Question No: 34</b><br /><br />What is meant by user interface and class interface in C++ ? And what role a class interfaces can play in user interface [Marks 5]<br /><br /><b>Answer: </b>?<br /><br /><b>Question No: 35</b><br />Write the general syntax of a class that has one function as a friend of a class along with definition of friend function.<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />class frinedclass{<br />public:<br />friend int compute(exforsys e1)<br />};<br />Int compute(exforsys e1)<br />{<br />//Friend Function Definition which has access to private data<br />return int(e1.a+e2.b)-5;<br />}<br /><br /><b>Question No: 36</b><br />What are the advantages and disadvantages of using templates?<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />Many things can be possible without using templates but it does offer several clear advantages not offered by any other techniques:<br /><br /><b>Advantages:</b><br />Templates are easier to write than writing several versions of your similar code for different types. You create only one generic version of your class or function instead of manually creating specializations.<br />Templates are type-safe. This is because the types that templates act upon are known at compile time, so the compiler can perform type checking before errors occur.<br />Templates can be easier to understand, since they can provide a straightforward way of abstracting type information.<br />It helps in utilizing compiler optimizations to the extreme. Then of course there is room for misuse of the templates. On one hand they provide an excellent mechanism to create specific type-safe classes from a generic definition with little overhead.<br /><br /><b>Disadvantages:</b><br />On the other hand, if misused<br />Templates can make code difficult to read and follow depending upon coding style.</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />They can present seriously confusing syntactical problems esp. when the code is large and spread over several header and source files.<br />Then, there are times, when templates can “excellently” produce nearly meaningless compiler errors thus requiring extra care to enforce syntactical and other design constraints. A common mistake is the angle bracket problem.<br /><br /><b>Question No: 37</b><br />Suppose a program has a math class having only one data member number.<br />Write the declaration and definition of operator function to overload + operator for the statements of main function.<br />math obj1, obj2;<br />obj2= 10 + obj1 ;<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />#include<br />math<br />{<br />mth operator + (obj1,int x)<br />{<br /><br />number temp;<br />temp=obj1.number+x;<br />return temp.number;<br />}<br />}<br /><br /><b>Question No: 38</b><br />Write a program which defines three variables of type double which store three different values including decimal points, using setprecision manipulators to print all these values with different number of digits after the decimal number.<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />#include<br />#include<br />main () {<br />double a = 12.12345;<br />double b = 13.123456;<br />double c = 14.1234567;<br />cout setprecision (5) a endl;<br />cout setprecision (2) a endl;<br />cout setprecision (3) a endl;<br />}<br /><br /><b>Question No: 39</b><br />Let we have a class,<br />class String<br />{<br />private:<br />char buf[25];<br />};<br />Write code for assignment (=) operator function which assign one String object to other object. Your code should also avoid self assignment<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />void String::operator = ( const String &other )<br />{ int length ;<br />length = other.length();<br />delete buf;<br />buf = new char [length + 1];<br />strcpy( buf, other.buf ); }<br /><br /><b>Question No: 40</b><br />Read the given below code and explain what task is being performed by this function<br />Matrix :: Matrix ( int row , int col )<br />{<br />numRows = row ;<br />numCols = col ;<br />elements = new ( double * ) [ numRows ] ;<br />for ( int i = 0 ; i < numRows ; i ++ )<br />{<br />elements [ i ] = new double [ numCols ] ;<br />for ( int j = 0 ; j < numCols ; j ++ )<br />elements [ i ] [ j ] = 0.0 ;<br />}<br />}<br />Hint : This function belong to a matrix class, having<br />Number of Rows = numRows<br />Number of Columns = numCols<br /><br /><b>Answer:</b><br />In the above mentioned code, first of all programmer call the constructor who have two parameters for the number of rows & columns in the matrix. Then this constructor also dynamically allocates the memory for the elements of the matrix & also initializes the value of the all elements of matrix with 0.0</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If You liked this Post Please Share it with Your friends. Thank You</span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div>

CS201 Solved Questions and Solved MCQs 2017

CS201 Solved Questions and MCQs  Here You can read and Download Cs201 - Introduction to Programming 40 Solved Questions and 300 s olved...

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MGT101 Short Notes for Mid term from Lec 1 to 22

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 SHORT NOTES FOR MID TERM</span></h3> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Here You can read and download <b>MGT101</b> - Financial Accounting <b>Short Notes for Mid Term</b> From <b>Lecture 1 to 22</b> for Mid Term exam preparation.</span><br /> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg32L2vebibeXv5ijb2McHz0Ok3HQy6ESOZ2gngeO87soaRG4qWYUjeRnSVcAhf8AVhbLY6hNUbYVfYP1f1M-pv1WJSm0Nxq75v3liohL1IQuxE7y3jWj0-4bVBJkhPjsI1yKgMJ0wrjqc/s1600/mgt101+short+notes+for+midterm+from+lec+1+to+22.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="MGT101 Short Notes for Mid term from Lec 1 to 22 " border="0" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg32L2vebibeXv5ijb2McHz0Ok3HQy6ESOZ2gngeO87soaRG4qWYUjeRnSVcAhf8AVhbLY6hNUbYVfYP1f1M-pv1WJSm0Nxq75v3liohL1IQuxE7y3jWj0-4bVBJkhPjsI1yKgMJ0wrjqc/s400/mgt101+short+notes+for+midterm+from+lec+1+to+22.png" title="MGT101 Short Notes for Mid term from Lec 1 to 22 " width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">MGT101 Short Notes for Mid term from Lec 1 to 22 </span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2016/08/mgt101-solved-material-mega-folder.html">MGT101 Solved Material Mega Folder</a></span><br /> <div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 1</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">BASIC CONCEPTS OF ACCOUNTING</span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Accounting</u></b><b>:<o:p></o:p></b></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Accounting is the art of recording, summarizing, reporting, and analyzing financial transactions.</span></div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Accounting is the art of recording, classifying, </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">summarizing,in significant manner and in terms of money, </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Transaction and events which are in part of at least and </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Interpreting the results there of. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB">Transactions</span></u></b><b><span lang="EN-GB">:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">In accounting or business terms, any dealing between two persons involving money or a valuable thing is called transaction. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Barter Transaction:</u><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">            </span></b><span lang="EN-GB">Every transaction where goods are exchanged for goods is called a “Barter Transaction”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Types of Business Organizations:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>1.</b>       <b><u>Sole Proprietorship</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">According to D.W.T. Stafford, “It is the simplest form of business organization, which is owned and controlled by one man”<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Easy Formation<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Unlimited Liability<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Ownership<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Profit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Management<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Easy Dissolution<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>2.</b>       <b><u>Partnership</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">According to Partnership Act, 1932, “Partnership is the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all.”<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">  <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Legal Entity<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Profit and Loss Distribution<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Unlimited Liability<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Transfer of Rights<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Management<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Number of Partners<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>3.</b>       <b><u>Joint Stock Company</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">According to S. E. Thomas, “A company is an incorporated association of persons formed usually for the pursuit of some commercial purposes”<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Creation of Law<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Separate Legal Entity<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Limited Liability<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Transferability of shares<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Number of Members<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Common Seal</span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br /> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <b>Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2015/01/financial-accounting-mgt101-solved.html">financial accounting MGT101 Solved Papers</a></span><br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture-2</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>RECORD KEEPING AND SOME BASIC CONCEPTS</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Types of Business Entities:</span></b></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /><b>Commercial Organizations (Profit Oriented)</b></span><br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <li>Sole proprietor</li> <li>Partnership</li> <li>Limited companies</li> </span></ul> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span> <br /> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Non-Commercial Organizations (Non-Profit Oriented)</b></span><br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <li>NGO’s (Non-government Organizations)</li> <li>Trusts</li> <li>Societies</li> </span></ul> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Goodwill</u></b><b>:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">This is simply the value attached to the good reputation earned through good and clean conduct of business over a number of years. This good reputation also has a value and becomes part of investment in business</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Budget</u></b><b>:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>          </b><span lang="EN-GB">Budget Is a plan of income, expenses & other financial operation for a future period.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2015/02/mgt101-financial-accounting-lesson-no-3.html">Mgt101 financial accounting Lesson no 3 Short Notes</a></span><br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 4</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>SINGLE AND DOUBLE ENTRY RECORD KEEPING</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Single Entry Book Keeping/cash accounting</u></b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In Single Entry Book Keeping Only one aspect of the transaction is recorded.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Double Entry Book Keeping/commercial accounting</u></b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In Double Entry Book Keeping every transaction has two aspects i.e. receiving a benefit and giving a benefit.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Debit</u></b><b>:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            It signifies the receiving of benefit. In simple words it is the left hand side.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Credit</u></b><b>:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>            </b>It signifies the providing of a benefit. In simple words it is the right hand side.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Dual Aspect of Transactions</u></b><b>:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">For every debit there is an equal credit. This is also called the dual aspect of the transaction.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b></b></span><br /> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b> Recommended : </b><a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2016/02/mgt101-all-past-final-term-papers.html">MGT101 All Past Final Term Papers</a></span><br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 5</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Account</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>            </b>Record that summarizes movement in an individual item is called an Account.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Classification of Accounts</u></b><b>:-</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The accounts are classified into following heads:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Assets<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Liabilities<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Income<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Expenses (further divided into capital and revenue expenses)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Assets</u></b><b>:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Assets are the properties and possessions of the business to pay in future. Can be amount payable for material purchased, expenses etc.  <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Properties and possessions can be of two types:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><!--[endif]--><b>Tangible</b> <b>Assets</b> that have physical existence (are further divided into Fixed Assets and Current Assets)(Furniture, vehicle etc).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><!--[endif]--><b>Intangible Assets </b>that have no physical existence (copyright, Good will etc).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB">Liabilities</span></u></b><span lang="EN-GB">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">Liabilities are the <b>debts</b> and <b>obligations</b> of the business. Liability is the obligation of the business to provide a benefit or asset on a future date.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB">Asset vs liability</span></u></b><span lang="EN-GB">:</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Asset is a right to receive and liability is an obligation to pay, therefore, these are opposite to each other. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">I<u>ncome & Expenses</u>:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Income/revenue is <b>the value of goods and services</b> that a business charges from its customers.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Expenses are <b>the costs incurred to earn the revenue.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Accounting Equation:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s equity</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Capital Expenditure</u></b><b>:-</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the expenditure to create an asset that helps in generating future income and its life is more than 12 month. For example machinery purchases, furniture purchases etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Revenue Expenditure</u></b><b>:-</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the day to day expenses whose benefit is drawn immediately. For example, salary of the employee, rent of the building, etc.</span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br /> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <b>Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2013/12/mgt-101-introduction-to-balance-sheet.html">Mgt 101 Introduction to Balance Sheet</a></span><br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 6</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <b>FLOW OF TRANSACTIONS</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Event</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Event is the happening of any thing but in accounting we discuss monetary events<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Monetary Events</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">If the financial position of a business is change due to the happening of event that Event is called Monetary Event<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>The Voucher</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Voucher is documentary evidence in a specific format that records the details of a transaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>The General Journal</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The Journal is used to record financial transactions in chronological (day-to-day) order. All vouchers were first recorded in books of accounts. It was also called the Book of Original Entry or Day Book.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Ledger</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is a book that keeps separate record for each account (Book of Accounts).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>BALANCE</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The difference between the debit and the credit sides, known as the <b>BALANCE</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2013/12/mgt-101-solved-papers.html">MGT 101 Solved Papers</a></span><br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 7</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Accounting Period</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Accounting period is any period for which a Financial Statements are prepared. The length of the accounting period can be anything between one day to one year. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->The legal or statutory definition of accounting year is a maximum of one year. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->The only exception in this case is the<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Formation of a new company which is formed before the start of accounting period.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Financial year (A period of 12 month duration):-<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>            </b>In Pakistan, financial year starts from 1st of July and ends on 30th of June.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Debit Balance</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">If debit side of a ledger is greater than credit side, the balance will be written on the credit side and it will be called Debit Balance.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Credit Balance</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">If credit side is greater than debit side, the balance will be written on the debit side. This balance is called Credit Balance.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Trial Balance</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">At the end of accounting period, a list of all ledger balances is prepared. This list is called trial Balance.</span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b></b></span><br /> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b> Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2016/08/mgt101-current-and-past-final-term.html">MGT101 Current and Past Final Term Papers 2016</a></span><br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 8</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Income & Expenditure Vs Profit & Loss Account</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Income and Expenditure Account is used for Non-Profit Organizations like Trusts, NGOs <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Profit and Loss Account is used for Commercial organizations like limited companies.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Profit & Loss Account</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Profit & Loss account is an account that summarizes the profitability of the organization for a specific accounting period.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->First part is called <b>Trading account </b>in which Gross Profit is calculated<b>. </b>Gross profit is the excess of sales over cost of goods sold in an accounting period.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->2nd part is called <b>Profit & Loss account </b>in which Net Profit is calculated. <b>Net Profit </b>is what is left of the gross profit after deducting all other expenses of the organization in a specific time period.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Profit</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It<b> </b>is the excess of income over expenses in a specified accounting period.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                                    <b>Profit= Income - expenses</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Administrative expenses</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Administrative expenses are the expenses incurred in running a business effectively. Main components of this group are:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Payment of utility bills<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Payment of rent<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Salaries of employees<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o General office expenses<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Repair & maintenance of office equipment & vehicles.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Selling expenses</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Selling expenses are the expenses incurred directly in connection with the sale of goods. This head contains:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Transportation/carriage of goods sold<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Tax/freight paid on sale<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Financial expenses</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Financial expenses are the interest paid on bank loan & charges deducted by bank on entity’s bank accounts. It includes:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Mark up on loan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Bank charges<o:p></o:p></span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 9</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Accounts payable</u></b><b>:-</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">All businesses have liabilities; even the most successful companies’ purchase <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">stocks, supplies and receive services on credit. The liabilities arising from such purchases are called <b>Accounts payable. </b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Capital</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the funds invested by the owners of the business. Business has a liability to return these funds to the owner. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 10</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Debtor</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A person or organization from whom money is receivable by the business is called a debtor.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Creditor</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            A person or organization to whom money is payable by the business is called a <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">creditor.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> </div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture-11</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Rules of Debit & Credit</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>            </b>• Any account that obtains a benefit is Debit.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Anything that will provide benefit to the business is Credit.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•<u> <b>Expenditure</b></u><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Increase in Expenditure is Debit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Decrease in Expenditure is Credit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• <b><u>Income</u></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Increase in Income is Credit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Decrease in Income is Debit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• <b><u>Assets</u></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Increase in Asset is Debit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Decrease in Asset is Credit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• <b><u>Liability</u></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Increase in Liability is Credit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Decrease in Liability is Debit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 12</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>The Accounting Equation<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Capital</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            The amount of resources supplied by the owner is called capital.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Asset</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            The actual resources which are in the business are called assets.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                                    Asset = Capital<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Long Term Assets</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> These are the assets of the business that are receivable after twelve <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">months of the balance sheet date. For example, if business has invested some money for two <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">years in any saving scheme or has purchased saving certificates for more than one year, it is a <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">long term asset. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Liabilities</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the name given to the amounts owing to these people for these assets.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                                    Assets = Capital + Liabilities<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Long Term Liabilities</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">These are the liabilities that will become payable after a period of  more than one year of the balance sheet date. For example, if business has taken a loan from bank or any third person and it is payable after ten years, it will be treated as a long term liability for the business. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Working Capital</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            It is the net value of current assets and current liabilities.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Current Assets</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            Current assets are the resources of the business that are expected to be received within 12 months in an accounting cycle.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Current liabilities</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            Current liabilities are the amount owing to the business that is expected to be paid within one year In a financial year.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                                    Working capital = current Assets – current liabilities<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Stock</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            It is the value of goods available to the business that are ready for sale.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                                                            <b>OR<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>            </b>It is the quantity of unutilized or unsold goods. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Opening Stock</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the value of goods available for sale in the beginning of an accounting year.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Closing Stock</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            It is the value of goods unsold at the end of accounting year.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Treatment of depreciation</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In profit and loss Account it is considered as expense and in balance sheet it is deducted from the concerned asset.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Drawing</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Sometimes, the owner wants to take cash or kind out of the business for personal use. This known as drawing. Any money taken out as drawings will reduce capital.</span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 13</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Voucher</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            It is the first document to record an entry.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><!--[endif]-->Receipt Voucher:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is used to record cash or bank receipt.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><!--[endif]-->Payment Voucher:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is used to record a payment of cash or cheque.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><!--[endif]-->Journal Voucher:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is used to record transaction that do not affect cash or bank.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Debit balance when carried forward, is writer on the debit side.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Credit balance when carried forward, is written on the credit side.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Difference between expenses & Purchases</u></b><u>:-<o:p></o:p></u></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><!--[endif]-->If business purchases items for its own use (items that are not meant to be resold) are charged to expense account.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><!--[endif]-->If business purchases items for resale purposes are charged to purchases account.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Raw material</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            It is the basic part of an item, which is processed to make a complete item.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Work in process</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">At the end of the year, some part of raw material remains under process, I-e, it is neither in shape of raw material nor in shape of finished goods.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Finished Goods</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It contains items that are ready for sale, but could not be sold in that accounting period.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Purchase of stock</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            Debit:              Stock Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            Credit:                                    Cash/supplier/creditor Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Payment to creditors</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            Debit:              cost of goods sold<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            Credit:                                    Stock Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Cost of goods sold</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><!--[endif]-->In trading concern, It is the value of goods unsold<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><!--[endif]-->In manufacturing concern, it is the value of raw material consumed plus any other manufacturing cost</span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 15</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Stock</b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Journal Entries</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(In case of Trading Concern)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Purchase Of Goods</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Stock/Material Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Cash/Bank/Creditor<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Consumption of goods</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Cost of goods sold<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Stock<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Payment in case of credit purchase</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Creditors Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Cash/Bank<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(In case of Trading Concern)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Purchase of raw material</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Stock/Material Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Cash/Bank/Creditors<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Other direct costs incurred</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Relevant cost/Expenses Head<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Cash/Bank/Payables<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Raw material issued and other costs allocated to production of units</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Work in process<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Stock Material Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Work in process<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    relevant expense head Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>When production is completed</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Finished Goods Stock Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Work in process Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Entry for cost of sale</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Cost of Goods sold Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    finished Goods stock Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Entry for sale of goods</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              cash/Account receivable Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Sale account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Return of Purchase Material</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Goods return Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    stock material Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                                                            And<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Cash/Bank Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Goods Return Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">If our suppliers  supplies us some other material in exchange of material returned:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Raw material Stock Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Goods return Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 16</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>COST OF GOODS SOLD STATEMENT<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><u>cost of goods sold statement</u><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The statement shows the value of raw material consumed, amount spent on labor and other factory expenses, finished goods produced and goods unsold (in stock).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Standard format of cost of goods sold statement is given below:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Raw Material:                        O/S Raw Material<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">+ Purchases<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">+ Cost Incurred to Purchase RM<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- C/S Raw Material<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Cost of Material Consumed<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Conversion Cost:                 + Direct Labor Cost<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">+ Factory Overheads<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Total Factory Cost<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Work in Process:                  + O/S of WIP<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- C/S of WIP<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Cost of Goods Manufactured<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Finished Goods:                  + O/S of Finished Goods<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- C/S of Finished Goods<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Cost of Good Sold</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Cost of material consumed</u></b><b>:-</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the cost of material used for consumption that has been put in the production process.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Over Heads</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Over Heads<b> </b>are the other costs incurred in relation of manufacturing of goods. Examples are factory utilities, supervisor salaries, equipment repairs etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Total factory cost</u></b><b>:-</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the cost of material consumed plus labor and over heads. In other words it is the total cost incurred in the factory.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Cost of goods manufactured</u></b><b>:-</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is total factory cost plus opening stock of work in process less closing stock of work in process.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Cost of goods sold</u></b><b>:-</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the cost of goods manufactured plus opening stock of finished goods less closing stock of finished goods.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Prime/Basic Cost </b>= Cost of Direct Material Consumed + Direct Labor cost<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Conversion cost</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the cost incurred to convert raw material to finished goods.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Conversion cost </b>= Labor cost + factory overhead<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Valuation of Stock</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Any manufacturing organization purchases different material through out the year. The prices of purchases may be different due to inflationary conditions of the economy. The question is, what item should be issued first & what item should be issued later for manufacturing. For this purpose, the organization has to make a policy for issue of stock. All the issues for manufacturing and valuation of stock are recorded according to the policy of the organization.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Mostly these three methods are used for the valuation of stock:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• First in first out (<b>FIFO</b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Last in first out (<b>LIFO</b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Weighted average<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">First in first out (FIFO)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The FIFO method is based on the assumption that the first merchandise purchased is the first merchandised issued. The FIFO uses actual purchase cost.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Last in first out (LIFO)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The LIFO method is based on the assumption that the recently purchased<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">merchandise is issued first. The LIFO uses actual purchase cost.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Weighted average method<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">This average cost is computed by dividing the total cost of goods available for sale by the number of units in inventory. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 17</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>DEPRECATION<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Fixed Assets</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Fixed Assets are those assets which are:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Of long life<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• To be used in the business to generate revenue<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Not bought with the main purpose of resale.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Fixed assets are also called “<b>Depreciable Assets</b>”<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Accumulated Depreciation</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the depreciation that has been charged on a particular asset from<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">the time of purchase of the asset to the present time.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Amortization</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">No depreciation is charged for ‘Land’. In case of ‘Leased Asset/Lease Hold Land’ the amount paid for it is charged over the life of the lease and is called <b>Amortization.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Methods of calculating Depreciation</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>1: </b><b>Straight line </b>method/<b>Original cost</b> method/<b>Fixed installment </b>method:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Depreciation = (cost – Residual value) / Expected useful life of the asset<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Residual value</u></b><b>:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the cost of the asset after the expiry of its useful life.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>2: </b><b>Write Down</b> value/<b>Reducing </b>method/<b>diminishing</b> method:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">WDV = Original cost of fixed asset – Accumulated Depreciation<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Entries for Recording Disposal</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Debit:             </b>Fixed Asset Disposal A/c<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Credit:                      </b>Fixed Asset Cost A/c<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(With the cost of asset<b>)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Debit:             </b>Accumulated Dep. A/c<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Credit:                       </b>Fixed Asset Disposal A/c<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(With the depreciation accumulated to date)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Debit:             </b>Cash / Bank / Receivable A/c<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Credit:                       </b>Fixed Asset Disposal A/c<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(With the price at which asset is sold)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture -19</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>METHODS OF CHARGING DEPRECIATION </b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Capital Work in Progress Account</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 62.65pt;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">   If an asset is not completed at that time when balance sheet is prepared, all costs incurred on that asset <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 62.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">up to the balance sheet date are transferred to an account called <b>Capital Work in Progress Account. </b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Debit: </b>Relevant asset account <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Credit:            </b>Capital work in progress account</span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 21</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>REVALUATION OF FIXED ASSETS</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Fair Value</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the value, at which an asset would bring to the management, when sold to a knowledgeable party in a fair deal.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Rules for Revaluation</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Revaluation has to be carried out at regular intervals<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• The change in the value should be permanent<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Whole class of asset has to be revalued</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Capital Expenses / </u></b><b><u>Capitalized</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Capital Expenses are those expenses for which benefit is enjoyed for more than one accounting period. For example, the business has bought a car. Now, car will be used for many years. So, it is a capital expense.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Capital Expenditures are incurred in two ways:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• When an asset is acquired, and<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• When an improvement is made in an existing asset.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Revenue / Deferred Expenses /</u></b><u> <b>Charged Off</b></u><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Revenue Expenses are those expenses for which, the benefit is enjoyed within one accounting period. For example, the business has purchased stationery for office use. Now, the stationery is used within one year in the office. So, this will be a revenue expense. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Revenue Expenses are those expenses that are:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Incurred in day to day running of the business.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Incurred to maintain fixed assets in their original / useable condition.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Prepaid Expenses</u></b><b>: <o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Prepaid Expenses are amounts that are paid in advance to a vender or creditor for goods and services.  E-g. insurance.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Capital Receipts</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Receipts which are non-recurring and whose benefits are enjoyed over a long period are called ‘Capital Receipts’. For instance, Capital invested, Loan from bank, Sale proceed of fixed assets etc. Capital receipts are shown on the liability side of the balance sheet.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Revenue Receipts</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Receipts which are recurring by nature and which are available for meeting all day to day expenses of a business concern are known as ‘Revenue Receipts’. For example, sale proceeds of goods, interest received, rent received etc.</span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 22</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENTS</b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Bank statement</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the detail of transactions in one’s account provided by the bank.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Unpresented Cheques</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            a cheque is issued but it has not been presented<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">in the account, such kind of cheques are called Un-presented Cheques.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Un-Credited Cheques</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>            </b>a cheque that has not been cleared in the bank<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">account as yet.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2017/04/cs101-short-notes-for-mid-term-from-lec-1-to-22.html">CS101 Short Notes For Mid Term From Lec 1 To 22</a></span><br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Download MGT101 Short Notes for Mid term lec 1 to 22</span></h3> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">You can Also Download the word document file of MGT 101 short notes from Lecture 1 to 22 for Mid term exam preparation.</span><br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes for Mid term lec 1 to 22</span></h4> <div class="post-table"> <table><thead> <tr><th><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">File Name</span></th><th><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Download File</span></th></tr> </thead><tbody> <tr><td data-label="First Name"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> MGT101 Short Notes for Mid term lec 1 to 22.pdf </span></td><td data-label="Last Name"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a class="button large download" href="https://www.mediafire.com/?0y43tamfzij791k" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Download</a></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div class="post-table"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Password for word file is  </b>:</span> <span style="color: blue;">virtualstudysolutions</span></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Note :</b> Open this file with Microsoft Office Word.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">If you liked this Post Please share it with Your friends. don't forget to Subscribe us below for more short Notes, Past Papers and Assignments.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Thank You.</span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div>

MGT101 Short Notes for Mid term from Lec 1 to 22

MGT101 SHORT NOTES FOR MID TERM Here You can read and download MGT101 - Financial Accounting Short Notes for Mid Term From Lecture 1 to...

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