MGT101 Short Notes for Mid term from Lec 1 to 22

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 SHORT NOTES FOR MID TERM</span></h3> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Here You can read and download <b>MGT101</b> - Financial Accounting <b>Short Notes for Mid Term</b> From <b>Lecture 1 to 22</b> for Mid Term exam preparation.</span><br /> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg32L2vebibeXv5ijb2McHz0Ok3HQy6ESOZ2gngeO87soaRG4qWYUjeRnSVcAhf8AVhbLY6hNUbYVfYP1f1M-pv1WJSm0Nxq75v3liohL1IQuxE7y3jWj0-4bVBJkhPjsI1yKgMJ0wrjqc/s1600/mgt101+short+notes+for+midterm+from+lec+1+to+22.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="MGT101 Short Notes for Mid term from Lec 1 to 22 " border="0" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg32L2vebibeXv5ijb2McHz0Ok3HQy6ESOZ2gngeO87soaRG4qWYUjeRnSVcAhf8AVhbLY6hNUbYVfYP1f1M-pv1WJSm0Nxq75v3liohL1IQuxE7y3jWj0-4bVBJkhPjsI1yKgMJ0wrjqc/s400/mgt101+short+notes+for+midterm+from+lec+1+to+22.png" title="MGT101 Short Notes for Mid term from Lec 1 to 22 " width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">MGT101 Short Notes for Mid term from Lec 1 to 22 </span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2016/08/mgt101-solved-material-mega-folder.html">MGT101 Solved Material Mega Folder</a></span><br /> <div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 1</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">BASIC CONCEPTS OF ACCOUNTING</span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Accounting</u></b><b>:<o:p></o:p></b></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Accounting is the art of recording, summarizing, reporting, and analyzing financial transactions.</span></div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Accounting is the art of recording, classifying, </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">summarizing,in significant manner and in terms of money, </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Transaction and events which are in part of at least and </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Interpreting the results there of. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB">Transactions</span></u></b><b><span lang="EN-GB">:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">In accounting or business terms, any dealing between two persons involving money or a valuable thing is called transaction. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Barter Transaction:</u><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">            </span></b><span lang="EN-GB">Every transaction where goods are exchanged for goods is called a “Barter Transaction”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Types of Business Organizations:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>1.</b>       <b><u>Sole Proprietorship</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">According to D.W.T. Stafford, “It is the simplest form of business organization, which is owned and controlled by one man”<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Easy Formation<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Unlimited Liability<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Ownership<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Profit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Management<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Easy Dissolution<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>2.</b>       <b><u>Partnership</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">According to Partnership Act, 1932, “Partnership is the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all.”<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">  <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Legal Entity<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Profit and Loss Distribution<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Unlimited Liability<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Transfer of Rights<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Management<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Number of Partners<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>3.</b>       <b><u>Joint Stock Company</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">According to S. E. Thomas, “A company is an incorporated association of persons formed usually for the pursuit of some commercial purposes”<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Creation of Law<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Separate Legal Entity<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Limited Liability<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Transferability of shares<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Number of Members<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•          Common Seal</span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br /> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <b>Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2015/01/financial-accounting-mgt101-solved.html">financial accounting MGT101 Solved Papers</a></span><br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture-2</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>RECORD KEEPING AND SOME BASIC CONCEPTS</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Types of Business Entities:</span></b></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /><b>Commercial Organizations (Profit Oriented)</b></span><br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <li>Sole proprietor</li> <li>Partnership</li> <li>Limited companies</li> </span></ul> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span> <br /> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Non-Commercial Organizations (Non-Profit Oriented)</b></span><br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <li>NGO’s (Non-government Organizations)</li> <li>Trusts</li> <li>Societies</li> </span></ul> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Goodwill</u></b><b>:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">This is simply the value attached to the good reputation earned through good and clean conduct of business over a number of years. This good reputation also has a value and becomes part of investment in business</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Budget</u></b><b>:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>          </b><span lang="EN-GB">Budget Is a plan of income, expenses & other financial operation for a future period.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2015/02/mgt101-financial-accounting-lesson-no-3.html">Mgt101 financial accounting Lesson no 3 Short Notes</a></span><br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 4</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>SINGLE AND DOUBLE ENTRY RECORD KEEPING</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Single Entry Book Keeping/cash accounting</u></b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In Single Entry Book Keeping Only one aspect of the transaction is recorded.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Double Entry Book Keeping/commercial accounting</u></b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In Double Entry Book Keeping every transaction has two aspects i.e. receiving a benefit and giving a benefit.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Debit</u></b><b>:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            It signifies the receiving of benefit. In simple words it is the left hand side.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Credit</u></b><b>:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>            </b>It signifies the providing of a benefit. In simple words it is the right hand side.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Dual Aspect of Transactions</u></b><b>:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">For every debit there is an equal credit. This is also called the dual aspect of the transaction.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b></b></span><br /> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b> Recommended : </b><a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2016/02/mgt101-all-past-final-term-papers.html">MGT101 All Past Final Term Papers</a></span><br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 5</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Account</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>            </b>Record that summarizes movement in an individual item is called an Account.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Classification of Accounts</u></b><b>:-</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The accounts are classified into following heads:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Assets<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Liabilities<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Income<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Expenses (further divided into capital and revenue expenses)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Assets</u></b><b>:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Assets are the properties and possessions of the business to pay in future. Can be amount payable for material purchased, expenses etc.  <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Properties and possessions can be of two types:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><!--[endif]--><b>Tangible</b> <b>Assets</b> that have physical existence (are further divided into Fixed Assets and Current Assets)(Furniture, vehicle etc).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><!--[endif]--><b>Intangible Assets </b>that have no physical existence (copyright, Good will etc).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB">Liabilities</span></u></b><span lang="EN-GB">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">Liabilities are the <b>debts</b> and <b>obligations</b> of the business. Liability is the obligation of the business to provide a benefit or asset on a future date.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB">Asset vs liability</span></u></b><span lang="EN-GB">:</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Asset is a right to receive and liability is an obligation to pay, therefore, these are opposite to each other. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">I<u>ncome & Expenses</u>:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Income/revenue is <b>the value of goods and services</b> that a business charges from its customers.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Expenses are <b>the costs incurred to earn the revenue.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Accounting Equation:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s equity</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Capital Expenditure</u></b><b>:-</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the expenditure to create an asset that helps in generating future income and its life is more than 12 month. For example machinery purchases, furniture purchases etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Revenue Expenditure</u></b><b>:-</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the day to day expenses whose benefit is drawn immediately. For example, salary of the employee, rent of the building, etc.</span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br /> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <b>Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2013/12/mgt-101-introduction-to-balance-sheet.html">Mgt 101 Introduction to Balance Sheet</a></span><br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 6</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <b>FLOW OF TRANSACTIONS</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Event</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Event is the happening of any thing but in accounting we discuss monetary events<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Monetary Events</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">If the financial position of a business is change due to the happening of event that Event is called Monetary Event<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>The Voucher</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Voucher is documentary evidence in a specific format that records the details of a transaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>The General Journal</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The Journal is used to record financial transactions in chronological (day-to-day) order. All vouchers were first recorded in books of accounts. It was also called the Book of Original Entry or Day Book.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Ledger</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is a book that keeps separate record for each account (Book of Accounts).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>BALANCE</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The difference between the debit and the credit sides, known as the <b>BALANCE</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2013/12/mgt-101-solved-papers.html">MGT 101 Solved Papers</a></span><br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 7</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Accounting Period</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Accounting period is any period for which a Financial Statements are prepared. The length of the accounting period can be anything between one day to one year. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->The legal or statutory definition of accounting year is a maximum of one year. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->The only exception in this case is the<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Formation of a new company which is formed before the start of accounting period.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Financial year (A period of 12 month duration):-<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>            </b>In Pakistan, financial year starts from 1st of July and ends on 30th of June.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Debit Balance</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">If debit side of a ledger is greater than credit side, the balance will be written on the credit side and it will be called Debit Balance.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Credit Balance</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">If credit side is greater than debit side, the balance will be written on the debit side. This balance is called Credit Balance.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Trial Balance</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">At the end of accounting period, a list of all ledger balances is prepared. This list is called trial Balance.</span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b></b></span><br /> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b> Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2016/08/mgt101-current-and-past-final-term.html">MGT101 Current and Past Final Term Papers 2016</a></span><br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 8</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Income & Expenditure Vs Profit & Loss Account</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Income and Expenditure Account is used for Non-Profit Organizations like Trusts, NGOs <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->Profit and Loss Account is used for Commercial organizations like limited companies.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Profit & Loss Account</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Profit & Loss account is an account that summarizes the profitability of the organization for a specific accounting period.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->First part is called <b>Trading account </b>in which Gross Profit is calculated<b>. </b>Gross profit is the excess of sales over cost of goods sold in an accounting period.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -29.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">                 </span><!--[endif]-->2nd part is called <b>Profit & Loss account </b>in which Net Profit is calculated. <b>Net Profit </b>is what is left of the gross profit after deducting all other expenses of the organization in a specific time period.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Profit</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It<b> </b>is the excess of income over expenses in a specified accounting period.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                                    <b>Profit= Income - expenses</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Administrative expenses</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Administrative expenses are the expenses incurred in running a business effectively. Main components of this group are:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Payment of utility bills<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Payment of rent<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Salaries of employees<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o General office expenses<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Repair & maintenance of office equipment & vehicles.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Selling expenses</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Selling expenses are the expenses incurred directly in connection with the sale of goods. This head contains:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Transportation/carriage of goods sold<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Tax/freight paid on sale<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Financial expenses</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Financial expenses are the interest paid on bank loan & charges deducted by bank on entity’s bank accounts. It includes:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Mark up on loan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Bank charges<o:p></o:p></span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 9</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Accounts payable</u></b><b>:-</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">All businesses have liabilities; even the most successful companies’ purchase <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">stocks, supplies and receive services on credit. The liabilities arising from such purchases are called <b>Accounts payable. </b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Capital</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the funds invested by the owners of the business. Business has a liability to return these funds to the owner. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 10</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Debtor</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A person or organization from whom money is receivable by the business is called a debtor.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Creditor</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            A person or organization to whom money is payable by the business is called a <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">creditor.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> </div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture-11</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Rules of Debit & Credit</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>            </b>• Any account that obtains a benefit is Debit.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Anything that will provide benefit to the business is Credit.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">•<u> <b>Expenditure</b></u><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Increase in Expenditure is Debit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Decrease in Expenditure is Credit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• <b><u>Income</u></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Increase in Income is Credit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Decrease in Income is Debit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• <b><u>Assets</u></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Increase in Asset is Debit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Decrease in Asset is Credit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• <b><u>Liability</u></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Increase in Liability is Credit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o Decrease in Liability is Debit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 12</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>The Accounting Equation<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Capital</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            The amount of resources supplied by the owner is called capital.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Asset</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            The actual resources which are in the business are called assets.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                                    Asset = Capital<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Long Term Assets</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> These are the assets of the business that are receivable after twelve <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">months of the balance sheet date. For example, if business has invested some money for two <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">years in any saving scheme or has purchased saving certificates for more than one year, it is a <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">long term asset. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Liabilities</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the name given to the amounts owing to these people for these assets.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                                    Assets = Capital + Liabilities<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Long Term Liabilities</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">These are the liabilities that will become payable after a period of  more than one year of the balance sheet date. For example, if business has taken a loan from bank or any third person and it is payable after ten years, it will be treated as a long term liability for the business. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Working Capital</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            It is the net value of current assets and current liabilities.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Current Assets</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            Current assets are the resources of the business that are expected to be received within 12 months in an accounting cycle.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Current liabilities</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            Current liabilities are the amount owing to the business that is expected to be paid within one year In a financial year.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                                    Working capital = current Assets – current liabilities<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Stock</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            It is the value of goods available to the business that are ready for sale.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                                                            <b>OR<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>            </b>It is the quantity of unutilized or unsold goods. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Opening Stock</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the value of goods available for sale in the beginning of an accounting year.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Closing Stock</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            It is the value of goods unsold at the end of accounting year.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Treatment of depreciation</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In profit and loss Account it is considered as expense and in balance sheet it is deducted from the concerned asset.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Drawing</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Sometimes, the owner wants to take cash or kind out of the business for personal use. This known as drawing. Any money taken out as drawings will reduce capital.</span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 13</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Voucher</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            It is the first document to record an entry.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><!--[endif]-->Receipt Voucher:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is used to record cash or bank receipt.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><!--[endif]-->Payment Voucher:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is used to record a payment of cash or cheque.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><!--[endif]-->Journal Voucher:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is used to record transaction that do not affect cash or bank.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Debit balance when carried forward, is writer on the debit side.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Credit balance when carried forward, is written on the credit side.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Difference between expenses & Purchases</u></b><u>:-<o:p></o:p></u></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><!--[endif]-->If business purchases items for its own use (items that are not meant to be resold) are charged to expense account.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><!--[endif]-->If business purchases items for resale purposes are charged to purchases account.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Raw material</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            It is the basic part of an item, which is processed to make a complete item.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Work in process</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">At the end of the year, some part of raw material remains under process, I-e, it is neither in shape of raw material nor in shape of finished goods.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Finished Goods</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It contains items that are ready for sale, but could not be sold in that accounting period.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Purchase of stock</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            Debit:              Stock Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            Credit:                                    Cash/supplier/creditor Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Payment to creditors</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            Debit:              cost of goods sold<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            Credit:                                    Stock Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Cost of goods sold</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><!--[endif]-->In trading concern, It is the value of goods unsold<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><!--[endif]-->In manufacturing concern, it is the value of raw material consumed plus any other manufacturing cost</span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 15</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Stock</b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Journal Entries</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(In case of Trading Concern)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Purchase Of Goods</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Stock/Material Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Cash/Bank/Creditor<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Consumption of goods</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Cost of goods sold<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Stock<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Payment in case of credit purchase</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Creditors Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Cash/Bank<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(In case of Trading Concern)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Purchase of raw material</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Stock/Material Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Cash/Bank/Creditors<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Other direct costs incurred</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Relevant cost/Expenses Head<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Cash/Bank/Payables<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Raw material issued and other costs allocated to production of units</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Work in process<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Stock Material Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Work in process<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    relevant expense head Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>When production is completed</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Finished Goods Stock Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Work in process Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Entry for cost of sale</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Cost of Goods sold Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    finished Goods stock Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Entry for sale of goods</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              cash/Account receivable Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Sale account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Return of Purchase Material</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Goods return Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    stock material Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                                                            And<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Cash/Bank Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Goods Return Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">If our suppliers  supplies us some other material in exchange of material returned:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Debit:              Raw material Stock Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        Credit:                                    Goods return Account<o:p></o:p></span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 16</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>COST OF GOODS SOLD STATEMENT<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><u>cost of goods sold statement</u><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The statement shows the value of raw material consumed, amount spent on labor and other factory expenses, finished goods produced and goods unsold (in stock).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Standard format of cost of goods sold statement is given below:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Raw Material:                        O/S Raw Material<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">+ Purchases<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">+ Cost Incurred to Purchase RM<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- C/S Raw Material<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Cost of Material Consumed<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Conversion Cost:                 + Direct Labor Cost<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">+ Factory Overheads<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Total Factory Cost<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Work in Process:                  + O/S of WIP<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- C/S of WIP<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Cost of Goods Manufactured<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Finished Goods:                  + O/S of Finished Goods<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- C/S of Finished Goods<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Cost of Good Sold</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Cost of material consumed</u></b><b>:-</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the cost of material used for consumption that has been put in the production process.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Over Heads</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Over Heads<b> </b>are the other costs incurred in relation of manufacturing of goods. Examples are factory utilities, supervisor salaries, equipment repairs etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Total factory cost</u></b><b>:-</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the cost of material consumed plus labor and over heads. In other words it is the total cost incurred in the factory.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Cost of goods manufactured</u></b><b>:-</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is total factory cost plus opening stock of work in process less closing stock of work in process.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Cost of goods sold</u></b><b>:-</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the cost of goods manufactured plus opening stock of finished goods less closing stock of finished goods.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Prime/Basic Cost </b>= Cost of Direct Material Consumed + Direct Labor cost<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Conversion cost</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the cost incurred to convert raw material to finished goods.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Conversion cost </b>= Labor cost + factory overhead<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Valuation of Stock</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Any manufacturing organization purchases different material through out the year. The prices of purchases may be different due to inflationary conditions of the economy. The question is, what item should be issued first & what item should be issued later for manufacturing. For this purpose, the organization has to make a policy for issue of stock. All the issues for manufacturing and valuation of stock are recorded according to the policy of the organization.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Mostly these three methods are used for the valuation of stock:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• First in first out (<b>FIFO</b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Last in first out (<b>LIFO</b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Weighted average<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">First in first out (FIFO)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The FIFO method is based on the assumption that the first merchandise purchased is the first merchandised issued. The FIFO uses actual purchase cost.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Last in first out (LIFO)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The LIFO method is based on the assumption that the recently purchased<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">merchandise is issued first. The LIFO uses actual purchase cost.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Weighted average method<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">This average cost is computed by dividing the total cost of goods available for sale by the number of units in inventory. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 17</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>DEPRECATION<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Fixed Assets</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Fixed Assets are those assets which are:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Of long life<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• To be used in the business to generate revenue<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Not bought with the main purpose of resale.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Fixed assets are also called “<b>Depreciable Assets</b>”<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Accumulated Depreciation</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the depreciation that has been charged on a particular asset from<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">the time of purchase of the asset to the present time.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Amortization</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">No depreciation is charged for ‘Land’. In case of ‘Leased Asset/Lease Hold Land’ the amount paid for it is charged over the life of the lease and is called <b>Amortization.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Methods of calculating Depreciation</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>1: </b><b>Straight line </b>method/<b>Original cost</b> method/<b>Fixed installment </b>method:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">                        <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Depreciation = (cost – Residual value) / Expected useful life of the asset<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Residual value</u></b><b>:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the cost of the asset after the expiry of its useful life.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>2: </b><b>Write Down</b> value/<b>Reducing </b>method/<b>diminishing</b> method:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">WDV = Original cost of fixed asset – Accumulated Depreciation<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Entries for Recording Disposal</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Debit:             </b>Fixed Asset Disposal A/c<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Credit:                      </b>Fixed Asset Cost A/c<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(With the cost of asset<b>)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Debit:             </b>Accumulated Dep. A/c<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Credit:                       </b>Fixed Asset Disposal A/c<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(With the depreciation accumulated to date)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Debit:             </b>Cash / Bank / Receivable A/c<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Credit:                       </b>Fixed Asset Disposal A/c<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(With the price at which asset is sold)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture -19</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>METHODS OF CHARGING DEPRECIATION </b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Capital Work in Progress Account</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 62.65pt;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">   If an asset is not completed at that time when balance sheet is prepared, all costs incurred on that asset <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 62.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">up to the balance sheet date are transferred to an account called <b>Capital Work in Progress Account. </b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Debit: </b>Relevant asset account <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Credit:            </b>Capital work in progress account</span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 21</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>REVALUATION OF FIXED ASSETS</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Fair Value</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the value, at which an asset would bring to the management, when sold to a knowledgeable party in a fair deal.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Rules for Revaluation</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Revaluation has to be carried out at regular intervals<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• The change in the value should be permanent<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Whole class of asset has to be revalued</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Capital Expenses / </u></b><b><u>Capitalized</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Capital Expenses are those expenses for which benefit is enjoyed for more than one accounting period. For example, the business has bought a car. Now, car will be used for many years. So, it is a capital expense.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Capital Expenditures are incurred in two ways:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• When an asset is acquired, and<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• When an improvement is made in an existing asset.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Revenue / Deferred Expenses /</u></b><u> <b>Charged Off</b></u><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Revenue Expenses are those expenses for which, the benefit is enjoyed within one accounting period. For example, the business has purchased stationery for office use. Now, the stationery is used within one year in the office. So, this will be a revenue expense. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Revenue Expenses are those expenses that are:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Incurred in day to day running of the business.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Incurred to maintain fixed assets in their original / useable condition.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Prepaid Expenses</u></b><b>: <o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Prepaid Expenses are amounts that are paid in advance to a vender or creditor for goods and services.  E-g. insurance.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Capital Receipts</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Receipts which are non-recurring and whose benefits are enjoyed over a long period are called ‘Capital Receipts’. For instance, Capital invested, Loan from bank, Sale proceed of fixed assets etc. Capital receipts are shown on the liability side of the balance sheet.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Revenue Receipts</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Receipts which are recurring by nature and which are available for meeting all day to day expenses of a business concern are known as ‘Revenue Receipts’. For example, sale proceeds of goods, interest received, rent received etc.</span></div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes Lecture - 22</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENTS</b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Bank statement</u></b>:-<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is the detail of transactions in one’s account provided by the bank.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Unpresented Cheques</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">            a cheque is issued but it has not been presented<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">in the account, such kind of cheques are called Un-presented Cheques.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Un-Credited Cheques</u></b><b>:-<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>            </b>a cheque that has not been cleared in the bank<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">account as yet.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2017/04/cs101-short-notes-for-mid-term-from-lec-1-to-22.html">CS101 Short Notes For Mid Term From Lec 1 To 22</a></span><br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Download MGT101 Short Notes for Mid term lec 1 to 22</span></h3> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">You can Also Download the word document file of MGT 101 short notes from Lecture 1 to 22 for Mid term exam preparation.</span><br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MGT101 Short Notes for Mid term lec 1 to 22</span></h4> <div class="post-table"> <table><thead> <tr><th><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">File Name</span></th><th><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Download File</span></th></tr> </thead><tbody> <tr><td data-label="First Name"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> MGT101 Short Notes for Mid term lec 1 to 22.pdf </span></td><td data-label="Last Name"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a class="button large download" href="https://www.mediafire.com/?0y43tamfzij791k" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Download</a></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div class="post-table"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Password for word file is  </b>:</span> <span style="color: blue;">virtualstudysolutions</span></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Note :</b> Open this file with Microsoft Office Word.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">If you liked this Post Please share it with Your friends. don't forget to Subscribe us below for more short Notes, Past Papers and Assignments.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Thank You.</span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div>

MGT101 Short Notes for Mid term from Lec 1 to 22

MGT101 SHORT NOTES FOR MID TERM Here You can read and download MGT101 - Financial Accounting Short Notes for Mid Term From Lecture 1 to...

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