Virtual Study Solutions: CS101 short notes

CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term

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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Here You can download <b>CS101</b> - Introduction to Computing <b>Solved Short Notes</b> for Preparation of <b>Final Term</b> Examination <b>Spring 2017</b>. Previously we shar</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ed <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2017/06/cs101-all-solved-final-term-past-papers.html">CS101 All Solved Final Term Past Papers</a>. Download Links has been added below.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Recommended : </b><a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2017/06/cs101-solved-mcqs-for-final-term.html">CS101 Solved MCQs for Final Term</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">You Can Also Download<b> Solved Final Term Papers</b>, Short Notes, Assignment Solutions, Lecture Wise Questions Answers Files, Solved MCQs, Solved Quiz , <u>Solved Final Term Subjective Papers</u> , <u>Solved Final Term Objective Papers</u> from Virtual Study Solutions For Preparation of </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Final</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> Term Examination.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2017/05/all-cs-subjects-mid-term-past-papers.html">All CS Subjects Mid Term Past Papers Collection</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term Sample Page</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">You can see the preview of Sample page of CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Download CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Google Drive : <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_kUTY4QK9e8dV9WZzRBbVM4eFU" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cs101_short_notes_final_term_exam.pdf</a><br /><br />Media Fire : <a href="https://www.mediafire.com/file/ud0eme2lj7nxz4v/CS101%20Final%20term%20solved%20short%20Questions%20%5Bvirtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com%5D.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cs101_short_notes_final_term_exam.pdf</a></span><div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">If this was helpful Please share with your friends. Thank You</span></div>
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CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term

CS101 Solved Short Notes for Final Term Here You can download CS101 - Introduction to Computing Solved Short Notes for Preparation of ...

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CS101 - HTML Block and Inline Elements

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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">HTML Block and Inline Elements</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Here we will discuss HTML Block and Inline Elements. Every HTML element has a default display value depending on what type of element it is. The default display value for most elements is block or inline. Previously we </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">shared <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2017/04/html-tags-with-examples-complete.html">HTML Tags with Examples Complete Tutorial</a>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Block-level Elements</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A block-level element always starts on a new line and takes up the full width available (stretches out to the left and right as far as it can).<br /><br />The <b><div></b> element is a block-level element.<br /><br /><b>Examples of block-level elements</b>: </span><br />
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<li><div> </li>
<li><h1> - <h6> </li>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Inline Elements</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">An inline element does not start on a new line and only takes up as much width as necessary.<br /><br />This is an inline <b><span></b> element inside a paragraph.<br /><br /><b>Examples of inline elements: </b></span><br />
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<li><span> </li>
<li><a> </li>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The <div> Element</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The <div> element is often used as a container for other HTML elements.<br />The <div> element has no required attributes, but both style and class are common.<br />When used together with CSS, the <div> element can be used to style blocks of content:<br /><br /><b>Example:</b><br /><br /><div style="background-color: black; color:white; padding: 20px;"><br />   <h2>ISLAMABAD</h2><br />   <p>Islamabad is the capital city of Pakistan located within the federal Islamabad Capital Territory. With a population of two million, it is the 10th largest city of Pakistan.</p><br /> </div></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The <span> Element</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The <span> element is often used as a container for some text.<br />The <span> element has no required attributes, but both style and class are common.<br />When used together with CSS, the <span> element can be used to style parts of the text:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /><b>Example</b><br /><h1>My <span style="color:red">Important</span> Heading</h1></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">HTML Grouping Tags</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Tag :</b> </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><div> </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Description </b>: </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Defines a section in a document (block-level) </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Tag :</b> </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span> </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Description :</b> </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Defines a section in a document (inline) <br /><br /><b>Recommended :</b></span></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2016/12/cs101-mid-term-past-papers-collection-2003-2010.html" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CS101 Mid Term Past Papers Collection 2003 to 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2015/12/cs101-subjective-past-paper-part-2.html" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CS101 Subjective Past Paper - Part 2</a></li>
<li><a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2015/12/cs101-solved-subjective-past-papers.html" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CS101 Solved Subjective Past Papers - Part 3</a></li>
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CS101 - HTML Block and Inline Elements

HTML Block and Inline Elements Here we will discuss HTML Block and Inline Elements. Every HTML element has a default display value depend...

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CS101 Short Notes For Mid Term From Lec 1 To 22

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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">CS101 Short Notes For Mid Term</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Here You can read and download <a href="https://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2016/02/cs101-short-notes-complete-collection.html">CS101 Short Notes</a> for Mid Term From Lecture 1 to 22 for exam preparation.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">CS101 Short Notes For Mid Term From Lec 1 To 22</span></span></td></tr>
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<b style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">Previously we shared :</b><br />
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<a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2017/02/cs101-short-notes-for-final-term-lec-22-to-45.html" style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">CS101 Short Notes For Final Term From Lecture 22 To 45</a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">CS101 Short Notes From Lec 1 To 22</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Recommended :</b> <a href="https://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2016/02/cs101-short-notes-complete-collection.html">CS101 Short Notes Complete Collection</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Who is Charles Babbage (1791-1871)<br /><br />·         Creator of the Analytical Engine - the first general-purpose digital computer (1833)<br /><br />The Analytical Engine<br /><br />A programmable, mechanical, digital machine<br /><br />Could carryout any calculation<br /><br />Could make decisions based upon the results of the previous calculation<br /><br />Components: input; memory; processor; output<br /> Ada, Countess Of Lovelace(1815-52)<br /><br />Babbage: the father of computing<br /><br />Ada: the mother?<br /><br />Wrote a program for computing the Bernoulli’s sequence on the Analytical Engine - world’s 1st computer program<br /><br />Ada: A programming language specifically designed by the US Dept of Defense for developing military applications was named Ada to honor her contributions towards computing<br /> A Lesson That We All Can Learn From Babbage’s Life<br /><br />Charles Babbage had huge difficulties raising money to fund his research<br /><br />As a last resort, he designed a clever mathematical scheme along with Ada, the Countess of Lovelace<br /><br />It was designed to increase their odds while gambling.  They bet money on horse races to raise enough money to support their research experiments<br /><br />Guess what happened at the end?  The lost every penny that they had.<br /><br /><br />1.    Fast<br /><br /><br />2.    Bored<br /><br /><br />3.    Storage<br /><br /> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Here Is A Fact:<br /><br /> In 1997 Deep Blue, a supercomputer designed by IBM, beat Gary Kasparov, the World Chess Champion<br />That computer was exceptionally fast, did not get tired or bored.  It just kept on analyzing the situation and kept on searching until it found the perfect move from its list of possible moves  …<br /><br />The “Turing test”<br /><br />A test proposed to determine if a computer has the ability to think. In 1950, Alan Turing (Turing, 1950) proposed a method for determining if machines can think. This method is known as The Turing Test.<br /><br />Vacuum Tube – 1904<br /><br />A vacuum tube is just that: a glass tube surrounding a vacuum (an area from which all gases has been removed). A British scientist named John A. Fleming made a vacuum tube known today as a diode. Then the diode was known as a "valve,"<br /><br />ABC – 1939<br /><br /><br />The Atanasoff-Berry Computer was the world's first electronic digital computer. It was built by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa StateUniversity during 1937-42.<br /><br /><br />Harvard Mark 1 – 1943<br /><br /><br />Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper designed the MARK series of computers at Harvard University. clicking metal parts, 55 feet long and 8 feet high. The 5-ton device contained almost 760,000 separate pieces. Used by the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations, the Mark I was in operation until 1959.<br /><br />ENIAC – 1946<br /><br />ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator AndCalculator). The U.S. military sponsored their researchIt took the team about one year to design the ENIAC and 18 months and 500,000 tax dollars to build it. The ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, along with 70,000 resistors and 10,000 capacitors.<br /><br />Transistor<br /><br />The first transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories on December 16, 1947 by William Shockley. Compared to vacuum tubes, it offered: <br />smaller size <br />better reliability <br />lower power consumption <br />lower cost <br /><br />Floppy Disk – 1950:<br /><br /><br />Invented at the Imperial University inTokyo by Yoshiro Nakamats. <br /><br />UNIVAC 1 – 1951<br />The first commercially successful electronic computer, UNIVAC I, was also the first general purpose computer - designed to handle both numeric and textual information. It was designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. <br /><br />Compiler – 1952<br /><br />            Grace Murray Hopper an employee of Remington-Rand worked on the NUIVAC. She took up the concept of reusable software in her 1952 paper entitled "The Education of a Computer" and developed the first software that could translate symbols of higher computer languages into machine language. (Compiler)<br /><br />ARPANET – 1969<br /><br /><br />            ARPA was assigned to research how to utilize their investment in computers via Command and Control Research (CCR). Dr. J.C.R. Licklider was chosen to head this effort. Developed for the US DoD Advanced Research Projects Agency<br /><br /><br />Intel 4004 – 1971<br /><br /><br />The 4004 was the world's first universal microprocessor.<br /><br />Altair 8800 – 1975<br /><br /><br />Developers Edward Roberts, William Yates and Jim Bybee spent 1973-1974 to develop the MITS (Micro Instruments Telemetry Systems ) Altair 8800. The price was $375, contained 256 bytes of memory (not 256k),but had no keyboard, no display, and no auxiliary storage device.<br /><br />Cray 1 – 1976  <br /><br /><br />The Cray 1 was the world's first "supercomputer," a machine that leapfrogged existing technology when it was introduced in 1971.<br /><br />IBM PC – 1981<br /><br /><br />On August 12, 1981, IBM released their new computer, re-named the IBM PC. The "PC" stood for "personal computer" making IBM responsible for popularizing the term "PC".<br /><br /><br />The first IBM PC ran on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor. The price tag started at $1,565, which would be nearly $4,000 today.<br /><br />Apple Macintosh – 1984<br /><br />Apple introduced the Macintosh to the nation onJanuary 22, 1984. The original Macintosh had 128 kilobytes of RAM, although this first model was simply called "Macintosh" until the 512K model came out in September 1984. The Macintosh retailed for $2495.<br /><br />World Wide Web -1989<br /><br /><br />WWW quickly gained great popularity among Internet users.<br /><br />What is World Wide Web?<br /><br />·         A huge resource of information<br /><br />·         Logically unified:  Any one from any where can access the information using a very simple scheme consisting of links & URLs<br /><br />·         Physically distributed:  The information is stored on Internet-connected computers that are spread all over the globe<br /><br /><br />Browser<br /><br />A browser is an application program that provides a way to look at and interact with all the information on the World Wide Web.<br /><br />URL<br /><br />URL (Uniform Resource Locator, previously Universal Resource Locator) – pronounced YU-AHR-EHL or, in some quarters, UHRL - is the address of a file (resource) accessible on the Internet.<br /><br />How many Web pages are there? <br />In 1999 there were 800 million Web pages (15 terra (1012) bytes of text) <br />In year 2002, the number is supposed to be 8 billion <br />If you spend a minute reviewing each of these pages, it will take more than 15,000 years to go through them all <br /><br />What is secret behind the explosive growth of the Web? <br />Anarchy – any page is allowed to link to any other <br />There are no controls over who puts what on the Web <br /><br />    Everyone can put whatever they want to put on the Web – and they do!<br />The most popular Web sites?<br /><br />•       AOL – Most popular ISP’s Web site <br />Microsoft – Most popular software developer’s Web site <br />Yahoo – Most popular multi-service Web site <br />Amazon – most popular shop on the Web <br />CNN – most popular news Web site <br />Google – most useful search engine </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> CS101 SHORT NOTES PART 2</span></h4>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Recommended</b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">: <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2013/06/cs101-mid-term-16-solved-papers-quizzes.html">CS101 Mid Term 16 SOlved Papers + Quizzes + Solved Subjectives + HTML TAGS</a><br /><br />What is a Web Site?<br /><br />A Web site is a related collection of World Wide Web (WWW) files that includes a beginning file called a home page.<br /><br />What is a Web Search Engine?<br /><br />·         Search engines continuously scan the Web and compile a list of all the Web pages that they find<br /><br />Internet & Web </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />The “Internet” and the “Web” are not the same <br />In fact, the “Web” is a service that runs over the “Internet”. In addition to the Web, there are many other services that run over the Interne. <br />Internet is like the network of roads in a city, whereas Web is a service like the Bus Service that run over those roads. Just like other services can use the roads (e.g. wagons), <br /><br />Info is available on Web<br /><br />Information about almost every thing known to mankind and then some!<br /><br />The info is in the form of:<br /><br /> – Text<br /><br /> – Graphics<br /><br /> – Animation<br /><br /> – Video<br /><br /> – Sound<br /><br />The Semantic Web </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />What unique feature distinguishes the Web of today with the Semantic Web of tomorrow? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />Whereas, today’s Web’s content is designed for humans to read; the Semantic Web’s content will be designed for computers to understand meaningfully <br />However, the Semantic Web is not a replacement but an extension of the present Web, in which information is given well defined meaning <br />Some progress is already being made for adding “Semantic Content” on to the Web, but a lot more will happen in the next 5 years <br /><br />Computer Types <br /><br />Computer types according to capability are <br />Supercomputers <br />Mainframes <br />Servers <br />Desktops <br />Portables <br /><br />Supercomputers </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />State-of-the-art machines designed to perform calculations as fast as the current technology allows <br />Used to solve extremely complex and large-scale problems: weather prediction, simulation of atomic explosions; aircraft design; movie animation <br />Cost tens of millions of dollars <br /><br />The Champion: ASCI White </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> Most powerful computer as of February 2002 <br />Capable of 12.3 trillion calculations/sec<br />      - 74,000 times faster than Cray 1 (1976)<br />      - 1,000 times faster than Deep Blue (1997) <br />Designed for complex 3-D simulations required for testing nuclear weapons <br />Powered by 8192 microprocessors <br />6 TB of memory; 160 TB of storage capacity <br /><br />Mainframe Computers </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /> Also called “Enterprise Servers” <br />Designed for performing multiple, intensive tasks for multiple users simultaneously <br />Used by large businesses (e.g. banks, e-commerce sites), military, and industrial organizations <br />Designed for very-high reliability <br />Cost in millions of dollars <br /><br />Servers/Minicomputers </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />The name minicomputers used to define the class of computers that lies between personal computers and mainframes <br />Generally are more reliable than desktops, but not as solid as the mainframes <br />Costs in hundreds of thousands of dollars <br /><br />Desktop Computers </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Also called microcomputers <br />Low-end desktops are called PC’s and high-end ones “Workstations” <br /><br />·         PC’s are used for running productivity applications, Web surfing, messaging<br /><br />·         Workstations cost a few thousand dollars; PC around a $1000<br /><br />Mobile Computers <br /><br />Laptops, palmtops, and wearable computers are very capable computers but are light-weight and consume very little power<br /><br />Laptops</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />also called notebook computers <br />generally weigh around 2kg <br />use special low-power processors <br />typically have 256MB memory, <br />40GB of storage <br />can work for more than 2 hours on battery. <br />Their usage is similar to that of PCs<br />They cost in the range of $1500-2500 <br /><br />Palmtops, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />also known as PDA’s - Personal Digital Assistants<br />Weigh less than a pound <br />have very low-power processors <br />KB’s of memory <br />MB’s of storage capacity <br />Can run for many hours on AA batteries <br />Used as an electronic version of a pocket diary <br />Also for Web surfing and e-mail or even as mobile phones <br />Palmtops cost $200-600 <br /><br />Wearables </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />are small in size <br />carried in a pocket <br />worn on the arm, waist <br />or head or elsewhere on the body <br />Capability similar to PDA’s <br />but more expensive <br />They are always ON, and always accessible. That is, the user can always enter and execute commands, even while walking around or doing other activities <br />Each soldier of the future will be fitted with one <br /><br />Ranking w.r.t. installed number </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /> PC’s <br />PDA’s <br />Workstations <br />Servers <br />Wearables (will take the top spot in future) <br />Mainframes <br />Supercomputers <br /><br />Essential Hardware Components<br /><br />At the highest level, two things are required for computing<br /><br />Hardware: The physical equipment in a computing environment such as the computer and its peripheral devices (printers, speakers, etc.)<br /><br />Software: The set of instructions that operates various parts of the hardware. Also termed as “computer program<br />All computers have the following essential hardware components:<br /><br /><br />Input<br /><br />The devices used to give the computer data or commands are called Input devices. Includes keyboard, mouse, scanner, etc<br /><br />Processor<br /><br />A processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a computer.<br /><br />Memory<br /><br />Memory is the electronic holding place for instructions and data that your computer's microprocessor can reach quickly.<br /><br />Storage<br /><br />Computer storage is the holding of data in an electromagnetic form for access by a computer processor.<br /><br />Output<br /><br />The devices to which the computer writes data are called Output devices<br /><br />Input Devices <br /><br />Mouse<br /><br />A mouse is a small device that a computer user pushes across a desk surface in order to point to a place on a display screen and to select one or more actions to take from that position. Keyboard<br /><br />On most computers, a keyboard is the primary text input device. A keyboard on a computer is almost identical to a keyboard on a typewriter.<br /><br />Joystick<br /><br />In computers, a joystick is a cursor control device used in computer games.<br /><br /> Digital Camera<br /><br />A digital camera records and stores photographic images in digital form that can be fed to a computer as the impressions are recorded or stored in the camera for later loading into a computer or printer. Currently, Kodak, Canon, and several other companies make digital cameras.<br /><br />Microphone<br /><br />A device that converts sound waves into audio signals. These could be used for sound recording as well as voice chatting through internet.<br /><br />Scanner<br /><br />A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages, and similar sources for computer editing and display. </span><br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> CS101 SHORT NOTES PART 3</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Recommended:</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2015/02/cs101-latest-solved-mcqs.html">CS101 Latest Solved MCQs</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">What is a Port?<br /><br />On computer and telecommunication devices, a port(noun) is generally a specific place for being physically connected to some other device, usually with a socket and plug of some kind.  <br /><br />Many Types of Ports </span></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
<li>Parallel </li>
<li>Serial </li>
<li>SCSI </li>
<li>USB </li>
<li>Firewire </li>
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<br />Parallel<br /><br />An interface on a computer that supports transmission of multiple bits at the same time; almost exclusively used for connecting a printer.<br /><br />Serial<br /><br />It is a general-purpose personal computer communications port in which 1 bit of information is transferred at a time.<br /><br />SCSI</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />A port that's faster than the serial and parallel ports but slower and harder to configure than the newer USB port. Also know as the Small Computer System Interface.<br /><br />USB<br /><br />USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a plug-and-play hardware interface for peripherals such as the keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner, printer and modem.<br /><br />Firewire<br /><br />FireWire is simply a really fast port that lets you connect computer peripherals and consumer electronics to your computer without the need to restart.<br /><br /><br />Processor <br />Pentium <br />Celeron <br />Athlon <br />PowerPC <br />StrongARM (PDA) <br />Crusoe (Laptops) <br />SPARC (Workstations) <br /><br />Memory/Storage <br /><br />RAM<br /><br />RAM (random access memory) is the place in a computer where the operating system,<br /><br />Punch cards<br /><br />A card on which data can be recorded in the form of punched holes<br /><br />ROM<br /><br />ROM is "built-in" computer memory containing data that normally can only be read, not written to. Hard disk<br /><br />Hard disk is a computer storage device which saves and retrieves the data when required. Floppy disk<br /><br />A diskette is a random access, removable data storage medium that can be used with personal computers.<br /><br />Tape<br /><br /><br />In computers, tape is an external storage medium, usually both readable and writable, can store data in the form of electromagnetic charges that can be read and also erased.<br /><br />CD<br /><br />A compact disc [sometimes spelled disk] (CD) is a small, portable, round medium for electronically recording, storing, and playing back audio, video, text, and other information in digital form.<br /><br />DVD<br /><br />DVD (digital versatile disc) is an optical disc technology that is expected to rapidly replace the CD-ROM disc (as well as the audio compact disc) over the next few years. The digital versatile disc (DVD) holds 4.7 gigabyte of information on one of its two sides, or enough for a 133-minute movie.<br /><br />Classifying Memory/Storage </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />Electronic (RAM, ROM) <br />Magnetic (HD, FD, Tape), optical (CD, DVD) <br />Volatile (RAM), non-volatile (HD) <br />Direct access (RAM, HD), serial access (Tape) <br />Read/write (HD, RAM), read-only (CD) <br /><br />Output Devices </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />Printer <br />Plotter <br />Speakers <br />Monitor <br /><br />Modem is output as well as input device at the same time.<br /><br />PC Parts </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />Monitor <br />Keyboard <br />Mouse <br />Speaker/headphone <br />Microphone <br />CPU <br />Front buttons <br />Backside ports, fan, slots, cables <br /><br />Inside CPU </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />Power supply/fan & connectors <br />Motherboard <br />Bus <br />Edge connectors <br />Ports <br />Video card <br />Modem <br />Network card <br />Sound card <br />ROM <br />RAM <br />Slots <br />DIMM’s <br /><br />The Processor Module </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />The slot on the motherboard <br />The housing <br />Fan <br />Heat sink <br />Pins (256?), Transistors (10 million?) <br /><br />HTML Page<br /><br />HTML<br /><br />Hyper Text Markup Language<br /><br /><HTML><br /><br /><HEAD><br /><br /><TITLE>Virtual Study Solutions Home Page</TITLE><br /><br /><br /></HEAD><br /><br /><br /><BODY><br /><br /><br /><H1>Virtual Study Solutions</H1><br /><br /><br /><P><B>Adjunct Lecturer in Computer Science</B><BR><br /><br /><br /><br /><A HREF="http://www.vu.edu.pk/">Virtual University</A><BR><br /><br /><br />Building 1, 3rd Floor, Aiwan-e-Iqbal, Lahore<BR><br /><br /><br />+92 42 555 1212<BR><br /><br /><A HREF="mailto:altaf@vu.edu.pk">altaf@vu.edu.pk</A><BR></P><br /><br /><P>I teach the <A HREF="http://www.vu.edu.pk/cs101/">Introduction to Computing</A> course. </P><br /><br /></BODY><br /><br /></HTML><br /><br /><br />Microprocessor<br /><br />A microprocessor (abbreviated as µP or uP) is a computer processor on a microchip. It's sometimes called a logic chip. A microprocessor is designed to perform arithmetic and logic operations that make use of small number-holding areas called registers.<br /><br /><br />Integrated circuit <br />Commonly known as an IC or a chip <br />A tiny piece of Silicon that has several electronic parts on it <br /><br />Components of integrated are <br />Devices <br />Transistors <br />Diodes <br />Resistors <br />Capacitors <br />Wires<br /><br />And are made of the following materials<br />  <br />Silicon - semiconductor <br />Copper - conductor <br />Silicon Dioxide - insulator <br /><br /><br />A Microprocessor System <br />Microprocessors are powerful pieces of hardware, but not much useful on their own <br />A microcomputer is 1 example of a microprocessor system <br /><br /><br />Micro Controller <br />Micro-controllers are another type of microprocessor systems <br />They are generally not that powerful, cost a few dollars a piece, and are found embedded in video games, VCRs, microwave ovens, printers, autos, etc. <br /><br />The Main Memory Bottleneck <br />Modern super-fast microprocessors can process a huge amount of data in a short duration <br />They require quick access to data to maximize their performance <br /><br />On-Chip Cache Memory<br /><br /><br />That small amount of memory located on the same chip as the microprocessor is called On-Chip Cache Memory<br /><br /><br />Bus Interface Unit<br /><br /><br />The bus interface unit is the part of the processor that interfaces with the rest of the PC. <br /><br /><br />Instruction Decoder<br /><br /><br />The instruction decoder of a processor is a combinatorial circuit sometimes in the form of a read-only memory,<br /><br /><br /> A decoder is a device which is the reverse, undoing the encoding so that the original information can be retrieved.<br /><br />Microprocessor Building Blocks<br /><br /><br />Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU)<br /><br /><br />An arithmetic and logical unit (ALU) also known as“Integer Unit” is one of the core components of all central processing units.<br /><br />Floating-Point Unit (FPU)<br /><br /><br />A floating point unit (FPU) is a part of a CPU specially designed to carry out operations on floating point numbers<br /><br />Registers<br /><br /><br />A register is a device for storing data. It is a small amount of very fast computer memory used to speed the execution of computer programs by providing quick access to commonly used values.<br /><br /><br />Data registers are used to store integer numbers.<br /><br /><br />Address registers hold memory addresses and are used to access memory.<br /><br /><br />General Purpose registers can store both data and addresses.<br /><br /><br />Floating Point registers are used to store floating point numbers.<br /><br /><br />Constant registers hold read-only values (e.g zero or one).<br /><br /><br />Vector registers hold data for Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) instructions.<br /><br /><br />Special Purpose registers which store internal CPU data like the stack pointer or processor status words.<br /><br />Control Unit<br /><br /><br />A control unit is the part of a CPU or other device that directs its operation. The outputs of the unit control the activity of the rest of the device. A control unit can be thought of as a finite state machine. It is called the brain of computer microprocessor.<br /><br />Instruction Set<br /><br /><br />The set of machine instructions that a microprocessor recognizes and can execute – the only language microprocessor knows<br /><br />The 1st microprocessor : Intel 4004 <br />Introduced 1971 <br />2250 transistors <br />108 kHz, 60,000 ops/sec <br />16 pins <br />10-micron process <br />Cost: less than $100 <br /><br />Currently Popular Intel Pentium 4 (2.2GHz) <br />Introduced December 2001 <br />55 million transistors <br />32-bit word size <br />2 ALU’s, each working at 4.4GHz <br />128-bit FPU <br />0.13 micron process <br />Targeted use: PC’s and low-end workstations <br />Cost: around $600 <br /><br /><br />Moore’s Law <br />In 1965, one of the founders of Intel – Gordon Moore – predicted that the number of transistor on an IC (and therefore the capability of microprocessors) will double every year. Later he modified it to 18-months <br /><br /><br />Enhancing the capability of a microprocessor <br /><br /><br />The computing capability of a microprocessor can be enhanced in many different ways: <br />By increasing the clock frequency <br />By increasing the word-width <br />Improving the architecture </span><br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> CS101 SHORT NOTES PART 4</span></h4>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Recommended</b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">: <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2016/02/eng101-final-term-paper-subjective.html">ENG101 FINAL TERM PAPER SUBJECTIVE</a><br /><br />Binary<br /><br />(Base 2) number system<br /><br />Decimal<br /><br /><br />(Base 10) number system<br /><br />Binary (Base 2) number system consists of just two digits 0,1<br /><br /><br />Decimal (Base 10) number system consists of ten symbols or digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9<br /><br />Other popular number systems<br /><br />Octalbase = 8<br />8 symbols (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)<br /><br />Hexadecimalbase = 16<br />16 symbols (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F)<br /><br />Why Binary? <br />Because this system is natural for digital computers <br /><br />Bit stands for Binary Digit<br /><br /><br />Byte = 8 Bits<br /><br />Decimal to Binary conversion<br /><br />Check <br /><br /><br />1001011 =          1x20 + 1x21 + 0x22 + 1x23 + 0x24 + 0x25 + 1x26<br /><br /><br />             =          1 + 2 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 64<br /><br /><br />             =          75<br /><br /><br />Computer Software <br /> The HW needs SW to be useful; the SW needs HW to be useful <br />When the user needs something done by the computer, he/she gives instructions in the form of SW to computer HW <br /><br />Machine Language  <br />Machine language, though readily understood by microprocessors, is very difficult to write in for human programmers <br /><br />Language Translators  <br /> Human programmers write programs in a language that is easy to understand for them <br /><br /><br />Software Development <br />The SW development process involves many steps, and coding, that is typing the instructions in a high-level language is only a small part of that process – taking-up only around 15% of the effort <br /><br /><br />Two Major Types of Software  <br />System SW<br />Programs that generally perform the background tasks in a computer. These programs, many times, talk directly to the HW <br />Application SW<br />Programs that generally interact with the user to perform work that is useful to the user. These programs generally talk to the HW through the assistance of system SW <br /><br />System Software<br /><br /><br />Operating Systems <br />It interacts directly with the computer HW <br />Other SW normally does not directly interact with the HW, but through the OS <br /><br /><br />Examples:<br />       Windows ,  Mac , OS , Linux , Unix , Solaris , DOS , CP/M  , VMS<br /><br /><br />Firmware <br />Firmware consists of startup and a few low-level I/O routines that assist the computer in finding out and executing the rest of the OS <br />On IBM-compatible PC’s, it is called BIOS <br /><br /><br />Utilities <br />Computer programs that perform a particular function related to computer system management and maintenance <br /><br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><br />             1- Anti-virus SW<br />             2- Data compression SW<br />             3- Disk optimization SW<br />             4- Disk backup SW<br /><br />Language Translator<br /><br />      1-  Compiler translates the program written in a HLL in one go.<br />      2-  nterpreter translates the HLL program one statement at time.<br /><br /><br />Device Drivers <br />A computer program that facilitates the communication between the computer and a peripheral device (e.g. printer, mouse, etc.) <br /><br /><br />Application Software<br /><br />Application SW are programs that interact directly with the user for the performance of a certain type of work <br />Scientific/engineering/graphics SW<br />Mathematica; AutoCad; Corel Draw <br />Business SW<br />The billing system for the mobile phone company <br />Productivity SW<br />Word processors; Spreadsheets <br />Entertainment SW<br />Games <br />Educational SW<br />Electronic encyclopedias; The VU Web site <br /><br /><br />Another way of classifying Software <br />Shrink-Wrapped SW<br />   -You can just go to a shop and buy it <br />Custom-built SW<br />   -You cannot just go to a shop and buy it; you have to find someone who can develop it for you <br /><br /><br />Who Owns Software? <br />Generally, although a piece of SW that is being used by millions, it is not owned by any of them! Instead, it is owned by the maker of the SW <br /><br />Three Main Types of Software Licenses  <br />Proprietary – Most software on a Windows PC or a Macintosh belongs to this category <br />Freeware – Most software on a Linux PC belongs to that category <br />Shareware – the category which lies between the above two categories <br /><br />Proprietary SW License <br />The user needs to pay the maker of the SW for buying a license that allows the user to use the SW <br /><br />Types of Proprietary Licenses <br />Single-user license <br />Multi-user license <br />Concurrent-user license <br />Site license <br /><br />Freeware SW License<br /><br /><br />Allows the user free use of the SW<br /><br />Open-Source SW License <br />Some authors give away the machine code only, which is extremely difficult to modify, if at all! <br /><br />Shareware SW License <br />Allows the user free use of the SW, but with a request that the user pay the author a small amount (US$10-50) if the user is satisfied with the SW <br /><br />Trialware <br />The SW is usable for a short period only <br /><br /><br />Interactive Forms (1) <br />Without forms, a Web site is “read-only” – it just provides information to the user <br /><br />Interactive Forms (2) <br />Can be simple or very complex <br />Are always placed between the <BODY> and </BODY> tags of a Web page <br /><br />Interactive Forms (3) <br />Text fields <br />Check boxes <br />Buttons <br /><br />Server-Side Scripts <br />Are programs that reside on Web servers <br />Receive info that a user enters in a form <br />Process that info and take appropriate action <br /><br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><br />CGI scripts on Unix servers<br /><br /><br />ASP scripts on Windows servers<br /><br />Application Software<br /><br /><br />Application software are programs that interact directly with the user<br /><br /><br />They generally do not talk directly to the hardware<br /><br /><br />Classification According to the Mode<br /><br /><br />Interactive-mode<br /><br /><br />The user runs the program on the computer and keeps on interacting with the computer while the program runs<br /><br /><br />Example:  Word processor<br /><br /><br />Batch-mode<br /><br /><br />The user starts the program and the computer processes the provided data and produces results without any further intervention of from the user<br /><br /><br />Example: Payroll<br /><br />Classification According to Application Area<br /><br /><br />Scientific/engineering/graphics<br /><br /><br />Business<br /><br /><br />Productivity<br /><br /><br />Entertainment<br /><br /><br />Educational<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Scientific SW<br /><br /><br />Simulation of natural systems<br /><br /><br />Mathematical computation packages<br /><br /><br />MathCAD<br /><br />Engineering SW<br /><br /><br />Computer-aided design (CAD)<br /><br /><br />AutoCAD<br /><br /><br />Telecommunication system SW<br /><br />Graphics & Animation SW (1)<br /><br /><br />Two types:<br /><br />1. Vector graphics<br /><br /><br />Treats everything that is drawn as an object<br /><br /><br />These objects can later be easily moved, stretched, duplicated, deleted, etc<br /><br /><br />Are resolution independent<br /><br /><br />Relatively small file size<br /><br /><br />Example: MS Visio, Corel Draw, Flash<br /><br />Graphics & Animation SW (2)<br />2. Bit-mapped or raster graphics<br /><br /><br />Treats everything that is drawn as a bit-map<br /><br /><br />Example:  MS Paint, Adobe Photoshop<br /><br />Business Applications<br /><br /><br />Most of the SW being developed today belongs to this category<br /><br /><br />SW that is required to run most any sort of biz:<br /><br /><br />Payroll<br /><br /><br />General ledger<br /><br /><br />Order entry<br /><br /><br />Accounts receivable & accounts payable<br /><br /><br />Inventory control<br /><br />E-Commerce Software<br /><br /><br />Reliability<br /><br /><br />Security<br /><br /><br />Ability to handle 1000’s of transactions, simultaneously<br /><br /><br />ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) SW<br /><br /><br />Very large scale, complex & expensive SW<br /><br /><br />Example:  SAP, Oracle, PeopleSoft, Baan<br /><br />DSS (Decision Support Systems) SW<br /><br /><br />Sometimes also called “expert systems”<br /><br /><br />Many times are based on a branch of computer science called “artificial intelligence”<br /><br />Productivity SW<br /><br /><br />Most popular category in terms of licenses sold<br /><br /><br />Word Processing                       -- Spreadsheets<br /><br /><br />Presentations                 -- Databases<br /><br />Word Processors<br /><br /><br />Probably the most popular productivity app<br /><br /><br />Style sheets<br /><br /><br />Spelling & grammar checking<br /><br />Web Page Development SW<br /><br /><br />Web pages can be developed using a simple plain-text editor like the “notepad”, but more efficient, easy-to-use HTML editors can make the process quicker<br /><br />Spreadsheet SW (1)<br /><br /><br />Electronic replacement for ledgers Is used for automating engineering, scientific, but in majority of cases, business calculationsm.<br /><br />Spreadsheet SW (2)<br /><br /><br />Consist of cells arranged in rows and columns<br /><br />Presentation Development SW<br /><br /><br />Used to prepare multimedia material for lectures & presentations to display key points, graphics, animation, or video with the help of multimedia projectors<br /><br />Small-Scale Databases SW (1)<br /><br /><br />Easy to use applications designed for efficient storage and fast and easy retrieval of data<br /><br />Small-Scale Databases SW (2)<br /><br /><br />Before the advent of the currently popular “relational” database model, the data basing function was performed using what is called the “flat-file” model<br /><br /><br />A database consists of a file or a set of files.  Information in these is stored in the form of records, and the records are further subdivided into fields<br /><br />Productivity SW Suites<br /><br /><br />A set of stand-alone productivity applications designed to work easily with each other<br /><br /><br />Examples:  MS Office, Corel WordPerfect Office<br /><br />Document-Centered Computing (DCC) <br /><br /><br />The increasing cooperation among the apps included in productivity suites has given rise to a new computing model called DCC<br /><br />Entertainment SW<br /><br /><br />Simple, intuitive, many times social UI’s<br /><br />Music & Video Players<br /><br /><br />Music players (WinAmp)<br /><br /><br />Video/Music players (Real player, Windows Media player, QuickTime player)<br /><br />Music Generation & Movie Editing SW<br /><br /><br />A PC can be made the hub of a music making studio with help of appropriate HW & SW<br /><br /><br />Inexpensive, easy-to-use video editing SW has recently become available for the iMac<br /><br />Educational (especially for toddlers)<br /><br /><br />Sports<br /><br />Educational SW<br />Electronic Encyclopedias<br /><br /><br />Great resource of useful information presented in a very interesting format<br /><br />On-Line Learning<br /><br /><br />With time, the VU Web site will become more and more focused on interactive online learning<br /><br /><br />Interactive CD’s<br /><br /><br />Same as on-line learning, but through a CD instead of a Web site<br /><br />Attributes of Good Application Software<br /><br /><br />Easy to install, un-install<br /><br /><br />User Interface<br /><br /><br />Configurable<br /><br /><br />Has a tutorial and a complete help manual</span><br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> CS101 SHORT NOTES PART 5</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Recommended</b>: <a href="https://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2015/01/isl-201-mid-term-solved-papers.html">ISL 201 Mid term SOlved Papers</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Word Processing <br /><br />The art and science of converting written information into a form that looks pleasing when printed<br /><br /><br />Word Processor <br />The tool used to perform word processing <br />Today, the term “word processor” generally means the SW used on a computer to perform the task of word processing <br /><br /><br />Uses of Word Processors <br />Write a letter <br />Address labels <br />Research paper or report <br />Advertisement <br />Newsletter <br />Magazines <br />Book <br />And thousands of other tasks <br /><br />Desktop Publishing (DTP) <br />A combination of word processing and graphic design. Used to develop elegant documents <br /><br /><br /> DTP: Requirements <br />High-end PC with a large-screen monitor <br />Laser printer <br />Scanner <br />DTP SW <br />Examples: <br />Adobe PageMaker <br />QuarkXPress <br />Corel Ventura <br />MS Publisher <br /><br />Client Side Script <br /><br /><br />New Concept: Client-Side Scripts <br />Small programs that are a part of the Web page and run on the user’s (client’s) computer <br />They interact with the user to collect info or to accomplish other tasks <br />Once it has been collected, they may help pass the collected info on to a server-side script <br /><br />Advantages of Client-Side Scripting <br />Reduced server load as it does not have to send messages to the user’s browser about missing or incorrect data <br /><br /><br />Disadvantages <br />Client-side scripts do not work with all browsers <br />Some user intentionally turn scripting off on their browsers <br /><br />JavaScript<br /><br />Why JavaScript? <br /><br /><br />JavaScript can be used (along with HTML) to develop interactive content for the Web<br /><br /><br />What is JavaScript? <br />A programming language specifically designed to work with Web browsers <br /><br /><br />·         It is designed to be used for developing small programs – called scripts –<br /><br />Definition of Algorithm<br /><br /><br />Sequence of steps that can be taken to solve a given problem is called Algorithm.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br />Addition<br /><br />Conversion from decimal to binary<br /><br />The process of boiling an egg<br /><br />The process of mailing a letter<br /><br />Sorting<br /><br />Searching<br /><br />Origin of the Term “Algorithm”<br /><br />The name derives from the title of a Latin book: Algoritmi de numero Indorum<br /><br /><br />That book was a translation of an Arabic book: Al-Khwarizmi Concerning the Hindu Art of Reckoning<br /><br /><br />That book was written by the famous 9-th century Muslim mathematician, Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi<br /><br />Al-Khwarzmi<br /><br /><br />Al-Khwarizmi lived in Baghdad, where he worked at the Dar al-Hikma<br /><br /><br />Dar al-Hikma acquired and translated books on science and philosophy, particularly those in Greek, as well as publishing original research<br /><br /><br />The word Algebra has its origins in the title of another Latin book which was a translation of yet another book written by Al-Khwarzmi:<br /><br /><br />            Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wa'l-Muqabala<br /><br /><br />Greedy Algorithm<br /><br /><br />An algorithm that always takes the best immediate, or local solution while finding an answer<br /><br /><br />Greedy algorithms may find the overall or globally optimal solution for some optimization problems<br /><br />Deterministic Algorithm<br /><br /><br />An algorithm whose behavior can be completely predicted from the inputs<br /><br /><br />That is, each time a certain set of input is presented, the algorithm gives the same results as any other time the set of input is presented.<br /><br />Randomized Algorithm<br /><br />Any algorithm whose behavior is not only determined by the input, but also values produced by a random number generator<br /><br />Heuristic<br /><br /><br />A procedure that usually, but not always, works or that gives nearly the right answer<br /><br />The Brute Force Strategy<br /><br /><br />A strategy in which all possible combinations are examined and the best among them is selected<br /><br />A Selection of Algorithmic Application Areas<br /><br />Search<br /><br /><br />Sort<br /><br /><br />Cryptography<br /><br /><br />Parallel<br /><br /><br />Numeric<br /><br /><br />Graphical<br /><br /><br />Quantum computing<br /><br /><br />Combinatory<br /><br />Syntax & Semantic<br /><br />Flowchart<br /><br /><br />A graphical representation of a process (e.g. an algorithm), in which graphic objects are used to indicate the steps & decisions that are taken as the process moves along from start to finish<br /><br />Algorithm Building Blocks<br /><br /><br />·         Sequences<br /><br /><br />·         Conditionals<br /><br /><br />·         Loops<br /><br />Strategy for Sorting<br /><br /><br />Repeat the following steps while the list is un-sorted:<br /><br /><br />Start with the first object in the list<br /><br /><br />Swap it with the one next to it if they are in the wrong order<br /><br /><br />Repeat the same with the next to the first object<br /><br /><br />Keep on repeating until you reach the last object in the list<br /><br />Q:  Is this the only possible algorithm for sorting a list?<br /><br /><br />A:  Certainly not! In fact this one (called the “Bubble sort”) is probably the worst (reasonable) algorithm for sorting a list – it is just too slow<br /><br />Some of things that JavaScript cannot do! <br />The following file ops. on the client computer:<br />   -- Read                     -- Modify<br />  -- Rename                 -- Delete<br />  -- Create <br />Create graphics (although, it does have the ability to format pages through HTML - including the placement of graphics) <br /><br /><br />Some of the things that JavaScript can do! <br />Control the appearance of the browser <br />Control the content and appearance of the document displayed in the browser <br />Store & modify a limited amount of data about the user in the form of client-side “cookies” <br /><br /><br />Client-Side JavaScript<br /><br /><br />Although a version of JavaScript exists that can be used to write server-side scripts, our focus in this course will only be on client-side scripting<br />Case Sensitivity <br />HTML is not case sensitive. The following mean the same to the browser:<br /><HTML> -- <html><br /><Html> -- <htMl> <br />JavaScript is case sensitive. Only the first of the following will result in the desired function – the rest will generate an error or some other undesirable event:<br />onMouseClick -- OnMouseClick<br />onmouseclick -- ONMOUSECLICK <br /><br /><br />JavaScript is Object-Based <br />Everything that JavaScript manipulates, it treats as an object – e.g. a window or a button <br /><br />Not Object-Oriented! <br />JavaScript is not a true object-oriented language like C++ or Java <br />It is so because it lacks two key features:<br />   -- A formal inheritance mechanism<br />   -- Strong typing <br /><br /><br />Types of Objects <br />JavaScript objects<br />   -- Objects that are part of JavaScript<br />   -- Examples: window, document <br />Browser objects<br />   -- Objects that contain info not about the contents of the display, but the browser itself<br />   -- Examples: history, navigator <br />User-defined object <br /><br />Event Handlers <br />“Events” are actions that occur as a result of user’s interaction with the browser <br />We use “event handlers” [e.g. onMouseOver(), onClick()] to design Web pages that can react to those events <br /><br /><br />1.    Batch Programs<br /><br />2.    Event-Driven Programs<br /><br />Batch Programs</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />These are typically started from a shell (or automatically via a scheduler) and tend to follow a pattern of:<br />Initialize internal data<br />Read input data<br />Process that data<br />Print or store results<br /><br />Event-Driven ProgramsExamples:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">GUIs, microwave, camera<br />The system sends events to the program and the program responds to these as they arrive.<br /><br />Programming Language<br /><br />A vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks<br />All programs consists of:<br /><br />Sequence of instructions<br />Conditionals<br />Loops<br /><br />These may contain:<br />Data<br />Input/output (print, etc)<br />Operations (add, divide, etc)<br />Examples of Prog. Languages<br /><br />Types of Prog. Languages<br /><br />High level Programming Languages<br />Low Level Programming Languages<br /><br />High-level programming languages, while simple compared to human languages, are more complex than the languages the uP actually understands,<br />Assembly languages are similar to machine languages, but are easier to program in as they allow a programmer to substitute names for numbers<br /><br />Machine languages consist of numbers<br /><br />Interpreters: immediate response, but execute code slowly.<br /><br />Compilers: Takes longer to compile, but super-fast execution.<br /><br />Programming SW Development <br /><br />SW Design Methodology ?<br /><br />The set of (often flexible) rules and guidelines a team of developers follow to construct reasonably complex SW systems <br />Object Oriented Design <br />Structured Design </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> CS101 SHORT NOTES PART 6</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Recommended:</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2015/01/mth301-midterm-solved-past-papers.html">Mth301 midterm Solved past papers</a></span><br />
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Object-Oriented Languages<br /><br />Programming languages specifically designed to make it easy to implement object-oriented designs   <br /><br />Examples: Smalltalk, C++, Java<br /><br />Variables<br /><br />Variables give us the ability to manipulate data through reference instead of actual value.<br /><br />Variables are names assigned to values.<br /><br />Identifiers<br /><br />Identifiers are names used by JavaScript to refer to variables (as well as objects, properties, methods, and functions!). An identifier must begin with an alphabetical character (a-z or A-Z) or the underscore “_” character.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Recommended :</b> <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2017/04/mgt101-short-notes-for-mid-term-from-lec-1-to-22.html" target="_blank">MGT101 Short Notes For Mid Term From Lec 1 To 22</a></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Download CS101 Short Notes for Mid Term from lec 1 to 22</span></h4>
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CS101 Short Notes For Mid Term From Lec 1 To 22

CS101 Short Notes For Mid Term Here You can read and download CS101 Short Notes for Mid Term From Lecture 1 to 22 for exam preparation....

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CS101 Short Notes for Final Term From Lec 22 to 45

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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">CS101 Short Notes for Final Term</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Here You can read and downlaod <a href="https://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2016/02/cs101-short-notes-complete-collection.html"><b>CS101 Short Notes</b></a> for Final Term From Lectur 22 to 45 for exam preparation. </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXJPp8L1mpK2TAIplrfJHiHgCf2lnwfvY3E4ktqlrFoVMXjIdBCqg227W6ppmq0gKRgTHCJYxcipx600pF1-4D5cMFoc5JRKZPLJmQH8rYYICH-tjofdn6l5dHgTcnMKCtIAQSon9d8Bg/s1600/cs101+short+notes+from+lec+22+to+45.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="CS101 Short Notes for Final Term From Lec 22 to 45" border="0" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXJPp8L1mpK2TAIplrfJHiHgCf2lnwfvY3E4ktqlrFoVMXjIdBCqg227W6ppmq0gKRgTHCJYxcipx600pF1-4D5cMFoc5JRKZPLJmQH8rYYICH-tjofdn6l5dHgTcnMKCtIAQSon9d8Bg/s320/cs101+short+notes+from+lec+22+to+45.png" title="CS101 Short Notes for Final Term From Lec 22 to 45" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">CS101 Short Notes for Final Term From Lec 22 to 45</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Previously we shared :</b><br /><a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2017/04/cs101-short-notes-for-mid-term-from-lec-1-to-22.html">CS101 Short Notes For Mid Term From Lec 1 To 22</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">You Can Also Download CS101 Solved Final Term Papers, CS101 Short Notes, CS101 Assignment Solutions, Lecture Wise Questions Answers Files, CS101 Solved MCQs, Solved Quiz , CS101 Solved Final Term Subjective Papers , CS101 Solved Final Term Objective Papers from Virtual Study Solutions For Preparation of Final Term Papers.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Also Read: <a href="https://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2017/01/cs302-short-notes-for-final-term.html">CS302 Short Notes for Final term Preparation</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">CS101 Final Term Helping Material - Lec 22 to 45</span></h3>
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<li><a href="http://vustudents.ning.com/group/cs101introductiontocomputing/forum/attachment/download?id=3783342%3AUploadedFile%3A5455826" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">CS101SolvedSubjectiveQuestions.pdf</a>, 195 KB</li>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">CS101 Short Notes Sample Papers:</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Question:</b>What is the difference between ‘single-line text input field’ and ‘password input field ?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b> A Password Field is good for sensitive information. The only item that is absolutely necessary is the Submit Button. It is a good idea to include a Reset Button for the convenience of the user. <br /><br />A text field gathers information using a single line of text. This field is useful for short answers. The default text field is blank. If you want to specify default text, use the VALUE attribute.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Also Read:</b> <a href="https://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2017/01/cs101-assignment-no-4-solution-2017.html">CS101 Assignment no 4 Solution - 2017 </a><br /><br /><b>Question :</b>What is internet?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /><b>Answer </b>: Internet is also called WAN, which means the interconnection of large number of computer networks and it consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Also Read:  <a href="https://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2016/02/mth301-final-term-solved-papers-mega.html">MTH301 Final Term Solved Papers Mega Collection </a><br /><br /><b>Question:</b> In JavaScript, what is event handling? What are the two types of events? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /><b>Answer: </b>Event handling means capturing an event and responding to that. <br /><br />Events e.g. onMouseOver, OnClick, onLoad, Onunload, updating the clock etc. are captured by the Java script & according to the programs they are responded accordingly </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Also Read: <a href="https://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2016/02/mgt101-all-past-final-term-papers.html">MGT101 All Past Final Term Papers</a><br /><br /><b>Question: </b>Differentiate between onLoad and onUnload <br /><br /><b>Answer :</b> On load event is used when the page is load in the browser while on the other side onUnload event works when the page closes down. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Download CS101 Short Notes for Final Term</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">For Complete CS101 Short Note Collection You can download short note colection file from the link below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /><a href="http://vustudents.ning.com/group/cs101introductiontocomputing/forum/attachment/download?id=3783342%3AUploadedFile%3A5455824" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">CS101FinaltermsolvedshortQuestions.pdf</a>, 233 KB</span></div>
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CS101 Short Notes for Final Term From Lec 22 to 45

CS101 Short Notes for Final Term Here You can read and downlaod CS101 Short Notes for Final Term From Lectur 22 to 45 for exam preparati...

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CS101 short notes Complete Collection

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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">CS101 short notes</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Here You Can Download</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Short Notes</b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">, </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lecture Wise Questions Answers Files</b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">, </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Solved MCQs</b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">, </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Solved Quizzes</b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> , </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Solved Mid Term Subjective Papers</b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> , </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Solved Mid Term Objective Papers</b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> From This Discussion For Preparation Mid Term/Final Term Papers.</span></span><br />
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You should also Read : <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2015/02/cs101-latest-solved-mcqs.html" style="background-color: white; color: #0084ce; font-family: Lora, Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize;">CS101 Latest Solved MCQs</a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">cs101 short notes Part 1</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Charles Babbage (1791-1871)</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span>Creator of the Analytical Engine - the first general-purpose digital computer (1833)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Analytical Engine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span> A programmable, mechanical, digital machine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span>Could carryout any calculation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span>Could make decisions based upon the results of the previous calculation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span>Components: input; memory; processor; output<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="color: black;">Ada</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="color: black;">, Countess of Lovelace(1815-52)</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span>Babbage: the father of computing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ada</st1:place></st1:city>: the mother?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span>Wrote a program for computing the Bernoulli’s sequence on the Analytical Engine <i>- </i>world’s 1st computer program<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span> <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ada</st1:place></st1:city>: A programming language specifically designed by the US Dept of Defense for developing military applications was named <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ada</st1:place></st1:city> to honor her contributions towards computing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">A lesson that we all can learn from Babbage’s Life</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span> Charles Babbage had huge difficulties raising money to fund his research<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span>  As a last resort, he designed a clever mathematical scheme along with <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ada</st1:place></st1:city>, the Countess of Lovelace<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span>It was designed to increase their odds while gambling.  They bet money on horse races to raise enough money to support their research experiments<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span>Guess what happened at the end?  The lost every penny that they had.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span style="color: black;">Fast</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span style="color: black;">Bored</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span style="color: black;">Storage</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: black;">Here is a fact:</span></i><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> In 1997 Deep Blue, a supercomputer designed by IBM, beat Gary Kasparov, the World Chess Champion<br />That computer was exceptionally fast, did not get tired or bored.  It just kept on <b>analyzing </b>the situation and kept on <b>searching</b> until it found the perfect move from its list of possible moves  …<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The “Turing test”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">A test proposed to determine if a computer has the ability to think. In 1950, Alan Turing (Turing, 1950) proposed a method for determining if machines can think. This method is known as The Turing Test.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Vacuum Tube – 1904<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A vacuum tube is just that: a glass tube surrounding a vacuum (an area from which all gases has been removed). A British scientist named John A. Fleming made a vacuum tube known today as a diode. Then the diode was known as a "valve,"<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ABC – 1939<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Atanasoff-Berry Computer was the world's first electronic digital computer. It was built by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Iowa</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">State</st1:placetype><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> during 1937-42.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Harvard Mark 1 – 1943<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper designed the MARK series of computers at <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Harvard</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place>. clicking metal parts, 55 feet long and 8 feet high. The 5-ton device contained almost 760,000 separate pieces. Used by the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations, the Mark I was in operation until 1959.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">ENIAC – 1946</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">ENIAC (<b>E</b>lectrical <b>N</b>umerical <b>I</b>ntegrator <b>A</b>nd<b>C</b>alculator). The <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">U.S.</st1:place></st1:country-region> military sponsored their researchIt took the team about one year to design the ENIAC and 18 months and 500,000 tax dollars to build it. The ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, along with 70,000 resistors and 10,000 capacitors.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Transistor<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The first transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories on <st1:date day="16" month="12" w:st="on" year="1947">December 16, 1947</st1:date> by William Shockley. Compared to vacuum tubes, it offered:</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">smaller size<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">better reliability<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">lower power consumption<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">lower cost<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Floppy Disk – 1950:</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Invented at the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Imperial</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> in<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Tokyo</st1:place></st1:city> by Yoshiro Nakamats.<b> <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">UNIVAC 1 – 1951<o:p></o:p></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">The first commercially successful electronic computer, UNIVAC I, was also the first general purpose computer - designed to handle both numeric and textual information. It was designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Compiler – 1952<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">            </span><span style="color: black;">Grace Murray Hopper an employee of Remington-Rand worked on the NUIVAC. She took up the concept of reusable software in her 1952 paper entitled "The Education of a Computer" and developed the first software that could translate symbols of higher computer languages into machine language. (Compiler)</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ARPANET – 1969<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">            ARPA was assigned to research how to utilize their investment in computers via Command and Control Research (CCR). Dr. J.C.R. Licklider was chosen to head this effort.</span><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Developed for the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">US</st1:place></st1:country-region> DoD Advanced Research Projects Agency</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Intel 4004 – 1971</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The 4004 was the world's first universal microprocessor.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Altair 8800 – 1975</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Developers Edward Roberts, William Yates and Jim Bybee spent 1973-1974 to develop the MITS (Micro Instruments Telemetry Systems ) Altair 8800. The price was $375, contained 256 bytes of memory (not 256k),but had no keyboard, no display, and no auxiliary storage device.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Cray 1 – 1976  <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Cray 1 was the world's first "supercomputer," a machine that leapfrogged existing technology when it was introduced in 1971.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">IBM PC – 1981</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">On <st1:date day="12" month="8" w:st="on" year="1981">August 12, 1981</st1:date>, IBM released their new computer, re-named the IBM PC. The "PC" stood for "personal computer" making IBM responsible for popularizing the term "PC".</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The first IBM PC ran on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor. The price tag started at $1,565, which would be nearly $4,000 today.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Apple Macintosh – 1984</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Apple introduced the Macintosh to the nation on<st1:date day="22" month="1" w:st="on" year="1984">January 22, 1984</st1:date>. The original Macintosh had 128 kilobytes of RAM, although this first model was simply called "Macintosh" until the 512K model came out in September 1984. The Macintosh retailed for $2495.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">World Wide Web -1989<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">WWW quickly gained great popularity among Internet users.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">What is World Wide Web?</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span>A huge resource of information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span>Logically unified:  Any one from any where can access the information using a very simple scheme consisting of links & URLs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span>Physically distributed:  The information is stored on Internet-connected computers that are spread all over the globe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Browser<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">A browser is an application program that provides a way to look at and interact with all the information on the World Wide Web.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">URL</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">URL (Uniform Resource Locator, previously Universal Resource Locator) – pronounced YU-AHR-EHL or, in some quarters, UHRL - is the address of a file (resource) accessible on the Internet.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">How many Web pages are there?</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In 1999 there were 800 million Web pages (15 terra (1012) bytes of text)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In year 2002, the number is supposed to be 8 billion<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">If you spend a minute reviewing each of these pages, it will take more than 15,000 years to go through them all<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">What is secret behind the explosive growth of the Web?</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Anarchy – any page is allowed to link to any other<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">There are no controls over who puts what on the Web<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">    Everyone can put whatever they want to put on the Web – and they do!</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><br /><b>The most popular Web sites?</b><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">•<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="color: black;">AOL – Most popular ISP’s Web site</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Microsoft – Most popular software developer’s Web site<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Yahoo – Most popular multi-service Web site<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Amazon – most popular shop on the Web<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">CNN – most popular news Web site<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Google – most useful search engine<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
CS101 short notes Part 2</h3>
<div>
also read about: <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2013/06/cs101-mid-term-16-solved-papers-quizzes.html" style="background-color: white; color: #0084ce; font-family: Lora, Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize;">CS101 Mid Term 16 SOlved Papers + Quizzes + Solved Subjectives + HTML TAGS</a></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">What is a Web Site?</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A Web site is a related collection of World Wide Web (WWW) files that includes a beginning file called a home page.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">What is a Web Search Engine?</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span>Search engines continuously scan the Web and compile a list of all the Web pages that they find<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Internet & Web </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The “Internet” and the “Web” are not the same<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In fact, the “Web” is a service that runs over the “Internet”. In addition to the Web, there are many other services that run over the Interne.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Internet is like the network of roads in a city, whereas Web is a service like the Bus Service that run over those roads. Just like other services can use the roads (e.g. wagons),<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Info is available on Web</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Information about almost every thing known to mankind and then some!</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The info is in the form of:</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"> – Text</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"> – Graphics</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"> – Animation</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"> – Video</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"> – Sound</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Semantic Web<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">What unique feature distinguishes the Web of today with the Semantic Web of tomorrow?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Whereas, today’s Web’s content is designed for humans to read; the Semantic Web’s content will be designed for computers to understand meaningfully<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">However, the Semantic Web is not a replacement but an extension of the present Web, in which information is given well defined meaning<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Some progress is already being made for adding “Semantic Content” on to the Web, but a lot more will happen in the next 5 years<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Computer Types </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Computer types according to capability are</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Supercomputers<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Mainframes<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Servers<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Desktops<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Portables<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Supercomputers </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">State-of-the-art machines designed to perform calculations as fast as the current technology allows<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Used to solve extremely complex and large-scale problems: weather prediction, simulation of atomic explosions; aircraft design; movie animation<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Cost tens of millions of dollars<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">The Champion: ASCI White</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Most powerful computer as of February 2002<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Capable of 12.3 trillion calculations/sec<br />      - 74,000 times faster than Cray 1 (1976)<br />      - 1,000 times faster than Deep Blue (1997)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Designed for complex 3-D simulations required for testing nuclear weapons<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Powered by 8192 microprocessors<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">6 TB of memory; 160 TB of storage capacity<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Mainframe Computers</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Also called “Enterprise Servers”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Designed for performing multiple, intensive tasks for multiple users simultaneously<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Used by large businesses (e.g. banks, e-commerce sites), military, and industrial organizations<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Designed for very-high reliability<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Cost in millions of dollars<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Servers/Minicomputers </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The name minicomputers used to define the class of computers that lies between personal computers and mainframes<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Generally are more reliable than desktops, but not as solid as the mainframes<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Costs in hundreds of thousands of dollars<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Desktop Computers<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Also called microcomputers<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Low-end desktops are called PC’s and high-end ones “Workstations”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoHeader" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="color: black;">PC’s are used for running productivity applications, Web surfing, messaging</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoHeader" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="color: black;">Workstations cost a few thousand dollars; PC around a $1000</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Mobile Computers </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Laptops, palmtops, and wearable</span></b><span style="color: black;"> computers are very capable computers but are light-weight and consume very little power<br /><br /><b>Laptops</b></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">also called notebook computers<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">generally weigh around 2kg<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">use special low-power processors<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">typically have 256MB memory,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">40GB of storage<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">can work for more than 2 hours on battery.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Their usage is similar to that of PCs<br />They cost in the range of $1500-2500<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Palmtops,</span></b><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">also known as PDA’s - Personal Digital Assistants<br />Weigh less than a pound<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">have very low-power processors<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">KB’s of memory<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">MB’s of storage capacity<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Can run for many hours on AA batteries<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Used as an electronic version of a pocket diary<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Also for Web surfing and e-mail or even as mobile phones<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Palmtops cost $200-600<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Wearables</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">are small in size<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">carried in a pocket<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">worn on the arm, waist<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">or head or elsewhere on the body<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Capability similar to PDA’s<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">but more expensive<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">They are always ON, and always accessible. That is, the user can always enter and execute commands, even while walking around or doing other activities<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Each soldier of the future will be fitted with one<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Ranking w.r.t. installed number</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> PC’s<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">PDA’s<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Workstations<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Servers<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wearables (will take the top spot in future)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Mainframes<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Supercomputers<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Essential Hardware Components</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">At the highest level, two things are required for computing</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Hardware: </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">The physical equipment in a computing environment such as the computer and its peripheral devices (printers, speakers, etc.)<b><br /><br />Software: </b>The set of instructions that operates various parts of the hardware. Also termed as “computer program</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">All computers have the following essential hardware components:</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Input</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The devices used to give the computer data or commands are called Input devices. Includes keyboard, mouse, scanner, etc</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Processor</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">A processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a computer.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Memory</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Memory is the electronic holding place for instructions and data that your computer's microprocessor can reach quickly.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Storage</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Computer storage is the holding of data in an electromagnetic form for access by a computer processor.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Output</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The devices to which the computer writes data are called Output devices</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Input Devices <o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Mouse</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">A mouse is a small device that a computer user pushes across a desk surface in order to point to a place on a display screen and to select one or more actions to take from that position.<b> Keyboard</b></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">On most computers, a keyboard is the primary text input device. A keyboard on a computer is almost identical to a keyboard on a typewriter.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Joystick</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In computers, a joystick is a cursor control device used in computer games.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;"> Digital Camera</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">A digital camera records and stores photographic images in digital form that can be fed to a computer as the impressions are recorded or stored in the camera for later loading into a computer or printer. Currently, Kodak, Canon, and several other companies make digital cameras.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Microphone</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">A device that converts sound waves into audio signals. These could be used for sound recording as well as voice chatting through internet.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Scanner</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages, and similar sources for computer editing and display. </span></span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
CS101 short notes Part 3</h3>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">What is a Port?<o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">On computer and telecommunication devices, a <i>port</i>(noun) is generally a specific place for being physically connected to some other device, usually with a socket and plug of some kind. </span><span style="color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Many Types of Ports</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Parallel<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Serial<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">SCSI<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">USB<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Firewire<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Parallel</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">An interface on a computer that supports transmission of multiple bits at the same time; almost exclusively used for connecting a printer.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Serial</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It is a general-purpose personal computer communications port in which 1 bit of information is transferred at a time.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">SCSI</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">A port that's faster than the serial and parallel ports but slower and harder to configure than the newer USB port. Also know as the Small Computer System Interface.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">USB</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a plug-and-play hardware interface for peripherals such as the keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner, printer and modem.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Firewire</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">FireWire is simply a really fast port that lets you connect computer peripherals and consumer electronics to your computer without the need to restart.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Processor<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Pentium<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Celeron<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Athlon<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">PowerPC<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">StrongARM (PDA)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Crusoe (Laptops)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">SPARC (Workstations)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Memory/Storage</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">RAM</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">RAM (random access memory) is the place in a computer where the operating system,</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Punch cards</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">A card on which data can be recorded in the form of punched holes</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">ROM</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">ROM is "built-in" computer memory containing data that normally can only be read, not written to. <b>Hard disk</b></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Hard disk is a computer storage device which saves and retrieves the data when required.<b> Floppy disk</b></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A diskette is a random access, removable data storage medium that can be used with personal computers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Tape</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In computers, tape is an external storage medium, usually both readable and writable, can store data in the form of electromagnetic charges that can be read and also erased.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">CD</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">A compact disc [sometimes spelled <i>disk</i>] (CD) is a small, portable, round medium for electronically recording, storing, and playing back audio, video, text, and other information in digital form.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">DVD</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">DVD (digital versatile disc) is an optical disc technology that is expected to rapidly replace the CD-ROM disc (as well as the audio compact disc) over the next few years. The digital versatile disc (DVD) holds 4.7 gigabyte of information on one of its two sides, or enough for a 133-minute movie.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Classifying Memory/Storage</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Electronic (RAM, ROM)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Magnetic (HD, FD, Tape), optical (CD, DVD)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Volatile (RAM), non-volatile (HD)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Direct access (RAM, HD), serial access (Tape)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Read/write (HD, RAM), read-only (CD)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Output Devices </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Printer<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Plotter<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Speakers<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Monitor<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Modem is output as well as input device at the same time.</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://vupakistani.blogspot.com/2011/04/cs101-short-notes.html" name="_Toc160679043" style="color: #771100; text-decoration: none;"><u><span style="color: black;">PC Parts</span></u></a><u><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Monitor<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Keyboard<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Mouse<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Speaker/headphone<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Microphone<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">CPU<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Front buttons<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Backside ports, fan, slots, cables<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Inside CPU</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Power supply/fan & connectors<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Motherboard<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Bus<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Edge connectors<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Ports<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Video card<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Modem<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Network card<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Sound card<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ROM<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">RAM<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Slots<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">DIMM’s<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">The Processor Module </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The slot on the motherboard<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The housing<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Fan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Heat sink<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Pins (256?), Transistors (10 million?)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">HTML Page</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><TITLE>Altaf Khan's Home Page</TITLE></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><H1>Altaf Khan</H1></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><P><B>Adjunct Lecturer in Computer Science</B><BR></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><A HREF="http://www.vu.edu.pk/">Virtual University</A><BR></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Building 1, 3rd Floor, Aiwan-e-Iqbal, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Lahore</st1:place></st1:city><BR></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">+92 42 555 1212<BR></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><A HREF="mailto:altaf@vu.edu.pk">altaf@vu.edu.pk</A><BR></P></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><P>I teach the <A HREF="http://www.vu.edu.pk/cs101/">Introduction to Computing</A> course. </P></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></BODY></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></HTML></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Microprocessor<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">A microprocessor</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black;"> (abbreviated as <strong>µP</strong> or <strong>uP</strong>) </span><span style="color: black;">is a computer processor on a microchip. It's sometimes called a <i>logic chip</i>. A microprocessor is designed to perform arithmetic and logic operations that make use of small number-holding areas called <i>registers</i>.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Integrated circuit<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Commonly known as an IC or a chip<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A tiny piece of Silicon that has several electronic parts on it<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Components of integrated are</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Devices<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Transistors<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Diodes<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Resistors<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Capacitors<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wires<b><br /> </b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">And are made of the following materials<br /> </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Silicon - semiconductor<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Copper - conductor<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Silicon Dioxide - insulator<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">A Microprocessor System</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Microprocessors are powerful pieces of hardware, but not much useful on their own<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A microcomputer is 1 example of a microprocessor system<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Micro Controller<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Micro-controllers are another type of microprocessor systems<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">They are generally not that powerful, cost a few dollars a piece, and are found embedded in video games, VCRs, microwave ovens, printers, autos, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">The Main Memory Bottleneck</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Modern super-fast microprocessors can process a huge amount of data in a short duration<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">They require quick access to data to maximize their performance<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">On-Chip Cache Memory</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">That small amount of memory located on the same chip as the microprocessor is called On-Chip Cache Memory</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Bus Interface Unit</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The bus interface unit is the part of the processor that interfaces with the rest of the PC.<b> </b></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Instruction Decoder</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The <em>instruction decoder</em> of a processor is a combinatorial circuit sometimes in the form of a read-only memory,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"> <span lang="EN">A <strong>decoder</strong> is a device which is the reverse, undoing the encoding so that the original information can be retrieved.</span></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Microprocessor Building Blocks</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU)</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black;">An <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">arithmetic and logical unit</span></strong><strong> (ALU) </strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">also known as</span></strong><strong>“Integer Unit”</strong> is one of the core components of all central processing units.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Floating-Point Unit (FPU)</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black;">A <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">floating point unit (FPU)</span></strong><b> </b>is a part of a CPU specially designed to carry out operations on floating point numbers.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Registers</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black;">A <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">register</span></strong><b> </b>is a device for storing data. It is a small amount of very fast computer memory used to speed the execution of computer programs by providing quick access to commonly used values.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong><span lang="EN" style="color: black;">Data registers</span></strong><span lang="EN" style="color: black;"> are used to store integer numbers.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong><span lang="EN" style="color: black;">Address registers</span></strong><span lang="EN" style="color: black;"> hold memory addresses and are used to access memory.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong><span lang="EN" style="color: black;">General Purpose registers</span></strong><span lang="EN" style="color: black;"> can store both data and addresses.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong><span lang="EN" style="color: black;">Floating Point registers</span></strong><span lang="EN" style="color: black;"> are used to store floating point numbers.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong><span lang="EN" style="color: black;">Constant registers</span></strong><span lang="EN" style="color: black;"> hold read-only values (e.g zero or one).</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong><span lang="EN" style="color: black;">Vector registers</span></strong><span lang="EN" style="color: black;"> hold data for Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) instructions.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong><span lang="EN" style="color: black;">Special Purpose registers</span></strong><span lang="EN" style="color: black;"> which store internal CPU data like the stack pointer or processor status words.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Control Unit</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black;">A </span><span style="color: black;">control unit</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black;"> is the part of a CPU or other device that directs its operation. The outputs of the unit control the activity of the rest of the device. A control unit can be thought of as a finite state machine. It is called the brain of computer microprcessor.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Instruction Set</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The set of machine instructions that a microprocessor recognizes and can execute – the only language microprocessor knows</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">The 1st microprocessor : Intel 4004</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Introduced 1971<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">2250 transistors<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">108 kHz, 60,000 ops/sec<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">16 pins<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">10-micron process<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Cost: less than $100<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Currently Popular Intel Pentium 4 (2.2GHz)</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Introduced December 2001<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">55 million transistors<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">32-bit word size<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">2 ALU’s, each working at 4.4GHz<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">128-bit FPU<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0.13 micron process<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Targeted use: PC’s and low-end workstations<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Cost: around $600<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Moore’s Law</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In 1965, one of the founders of Intel – Gordon Moore – predicted that the number of transistor on an IC (and therefore the capability of microprocessors) will double every year. Later he modified it to 18-months<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Enhancing the capability of a microprocessor</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The computing capability of a microprocessor can be enhanced in many different ways:</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">By increasing the clock frequency<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">By increasing the word-width<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Improving the architecture</span></li>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
CS101 short notes Part 4</h3>
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Also read about: <a href="http://virtualstudysolutions.blogspot.com/2016/02/eng101-final-term-paper-subjective.html" style="background-color: white; color: #0084ce; font-family: Lora, Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize;">ENG101 FINAL TERM PAPER SUBJECTIVE</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; line-height: 20.79px;"><b><span style="color: black;">Binary</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">(Base 2) number system</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Decimal</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">(Base 10) number system</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Binary (Base 2)</span></b><span style="color: black;"> number system consists of just two digits 0,1</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Decimal (Base 10)</span></b><span style="color: black;"> number system consists of ten symbols or digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Other popular number systems</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Octal</span></b><span style="color: black;">base = 8<br />8 symbols (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)<b><br /><br />Hexadecimal</b>base = 16<br />16 symbols (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F)</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Why Binary?</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Because this system is natural for digital computers<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Bit stands for <b>B</b>inary Dig<b>it</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Byte = 8 Bits</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Decimal to Binary conversion</b><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Check </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">1001011 =          1x2<sup>0</sup> + 1x2<sup>1</sup> + 0x2<sup>2</sup> + 1x2<sup>3</sup> + 0x2<sup>4</sup> + 0x2<sup>5</sup> + 1x2<sup>6</sup></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">             =          1 + 2 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 64</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">             =          75</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Boolean Logic Operations</b><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"> </b><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">We define the following logic operations or functions among the Boolean variables</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Name<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Example<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Symbolically<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">NOT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>y =</i> NOT(<i>x</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1.5pt solid black; height: 23.05pt; padding: 0in; width: 90.1pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>x</i>´<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 23.05pt;"><td style="border: 1.5pt solid black; height: 23.05pt; padding: 0in; width: 46.5pt;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">AND<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1.5pt solid black; height: 23.05pt; padding: 0in; width: 90.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>z =</i> <i>x</i> AND <i>y</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1.5pt solid black; height: 23.05pt; padding: 0in; width: 90.1pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>x </i><b>·</b><i> y</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 23.05pt;"><td style="border: 1.5pt solid black; height: 23.05pt; padding: 0in; width: 46.5pt;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">OR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1.5pt solid black; height: 23.05pt; padding: 0in; width: 90.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>z =</i> <i>x</i> OR <i>y</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1.5pt solid black; height: 23.05pt; padding: 0in; width: 90.1pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>x </i><b>+</b><i> y</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 23.05pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 1.5pt 1.5pt 3pt 3pt; height: 23.05pt; padding: 0in; width: 46.5pt;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">XOR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1.5pt solid black; height: 23.05pt; padding: 0in; width: 90.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>z =</i> <i>x</i> XOR <i>y</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 1.5pt 3pt 3pt 1.5pt; height: 23.05pt; padding: 0in; width: 90.1pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>x </i><b>Å</b><i> y</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Truth Table of Logic Function</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">A truth table defines the output of a logic function for all possible inputs </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Truth Table for the NOT Operation<br />(y true whenever x is false)</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 222px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0.4in;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; height: 0.4in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>X</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt 1pt; height: 0.4in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>y = x´</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0.4in;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.4in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.4in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0.4in;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; height: 0.4in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt; height: 0.4in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"> <b>Truth Table for the NOT Operation</b></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 235px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0.4in;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; height: 0.4in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>X</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt 1pt; height: 0.4in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>y = x´</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0.4in;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.4in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.4in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0.4in;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; height: 0.4in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt; height: 0.4in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Truth Table for the AND Operation<br />(z true when both x & y true                                         </span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 127.2pt; width: 250px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0.2in;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="color: black;">X</span></i><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="color: black;">y</span></i><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt 1pt; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="color: black;">z = x </span></i><b><span style="color: black;">·</span></b><i><span style="color: black;"> y</span></i><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0.2in;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">0</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">0</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0.2in;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">0</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">1</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0.2in;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">1</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">0</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0.2in;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">1</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">1</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"> <b> </b></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Truth Table for the AND Operation</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 253px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0.2in;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>X</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>y</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt 1pt; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>z = x </i><b>·</b><i> y</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0.2in;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0.2in;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0.2in;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0.2in;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt; height: 0.2in; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Truth Table for the OR Operation<br />(z true when x or y or both true)</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 270px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 20.75pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; height: 20.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>x</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 20.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>y</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt 1pt; height: 20.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>z = x </i><b>+</b><i> y</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 20.35pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 20.35pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 20.35pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 20.35pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 20.35pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 20.35pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 20.35pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 20.35pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 20.35pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; height: 20.35pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 20.35pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt; height: 20.35pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Truth Table for the OR Operation</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 274px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 22.2pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; height: 22.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>x</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 22.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>y</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt 1pt; height: 22.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>z = x </i><b>+</b><i> y</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21.75pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21.75pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21.75pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21.75pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"> <b>Truth Table for the XOR Operation<br />(z true when x or y true, but not both)</b></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 285px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 23.75pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; height: 23.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>X</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 23.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>y</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt 1pt; height: 23.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>z = x </i><b>Å</b><i> y</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 23.3pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 23.3pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 23.3pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 23.3pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 23.3pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 23.3pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 23.3pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 23.3pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 23.3pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 23.3pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 23.3pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 23.3pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 23.3pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; height: 23.3pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 23.3pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt; height: 23.3pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Truth Table for the XOR Operation</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 298px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21.85pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; height: 21.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>X</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>y</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt 1pt; height: 21.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>z = x </i><b>Å</b><i> y</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21.45pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21.45pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21.45pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21.45pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; height: 21.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 21.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt; height: 21.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">General Structure of HTML tags </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Single tag</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><<i>tagName</i>><br />Example:     <BR></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Single Tags with Attributes</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><br /><<i>tagName attributes</i>><br />Example:     <HR width=“50%”></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Paired Tags</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><br /><<i>tagName</i>> … <<i>/tagName</i>><br />Example:      <H1> … </H1></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;"> Paired Tags with Attributes</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><br /><<i>tagName</i> <i>attributes </i>> … <<i>/tagName</i>><br />Example: <H1 align=“center”> … </H1></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Code for the List and Table</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;"><UL><br /><LI>SimCity</LI>   <br /><LI>Quake</LI>                   <br /><LI>Bridge</LI><br /></UL></span></b><span style="color: black;"><br /><br /><br /><b><TABLE border = “1” ><br /><TR><br /><TH>Indoor</TH><br /><TH>Outdoor</TH><br /></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD>Squash</TD><br /><TD>Cricket</TD><br /></TR><br /></TABLE><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>Lists</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; width: 271px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 97.5pt;" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">HTML code<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Browser Display<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 97.5pt;" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><UL></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">  <LI>SimCity</LI></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">   <LI>Quake</LI></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">   <LI>Bridge</LI></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></UL></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">SimCity<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Quake<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Bridge<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; width: 122px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 99.75pt;" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><UL><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Un-ordered List<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 99.75pt;" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><LI><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Line items<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">The default “bullet” for these lists is a “disc”<br /><br />That, however, can be changed to a “circle” or a “square” with the help of the type attribute<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; width: 271px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 97.5pt;" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">HTML code<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Browser Display<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 97.5pt;" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><UL type="circle"></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">  <LI>SimCity</LI></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">   <LI>Quake</LI></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">   <LI>Bridge</LI></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></UL></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">SimCity<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Quake<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Bridge<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; width: 271px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 97.5pt;" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">HTML code<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Browser Display<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 97.5pt;" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><UL type="square"></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">  <LI>SimCity</LI></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">   <LI>Quake</LI></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">   <LI>Bridge</LI></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></UL></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">SimCity<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Quake<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Bridge<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /><b>Q: What happens if I start a new list without closing the original one?</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; width: 318px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 97.5pt;" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">HTML code<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Browser Display<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 97.5pt;" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><UL><br /><LI>SimCity</LI><br /><LI>Quake II</LI><br /><br /><UL><br /><LI>SimCity 3000</LI><br /><LI>Quake III</LI><br /></UL><br /><br /><LI>Bridge</LI><br /></UL></span><span style="color: black;"><br /> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">SimCity<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Quake II<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">SimCity 3000<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Quake III<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Bridge<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Such structures, i.e., those in which another starts before the first list is finished, are called <b>Nested Lists</b></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Types of Lists</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">In addition to un-ordered lists, HTML supports two other types</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Ordered Lists<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Definition List<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Ordered List</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; width: 246px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 97.5pt;" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Ordered List</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Browser Display</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 97.5pt;" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><OL><br /><LI>SimCity</LI><br /><LI>Quake</LI><br /><LI>Bridge</LI><br /></OL></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><ol start="1" type="1"><ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">SimCity<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Quake<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Bridge<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; width: 246px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 97.5pt;" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Ordered List</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Browser Display</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 97.5pt;" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><OL type = “a”><br /><LI>SimCity</LI><br /><LI>Quake</LI><br /><LI>Bridge</LI><br /></OL></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><ol start="1" type="1"><ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">SimCity<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Quake<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Bridge<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Ordered List Types </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; width: 298px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 20.25pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(150, 150, 150); height: 20.25pt; padding: 0in; width: 100.5pt;" width="134"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Type</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(150, 150, 150); height: 20.25pt; padding: 0in; width: 120pt;" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Result</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 27.75pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(150, 150, 150); height: 27.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 100.5pt;" width="134"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">“A”</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(150, 150, 150); height: 27.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 120pt;" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">A, B, C, …</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 28.5pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(150, 150, 150); height: 28.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 100.5pt;" width="134"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">“a”</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(150, 150, 150); height: 28.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 120pt;" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">a, b, c, …</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 27pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(150, 150, 150); height: 27pt; padding: 0in; width: 100.5pt;" width="134"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">“I”</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(150, 150, 150); height: 27pt; padding: 0in; width: 120pt;" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">I, II, III, IV, …</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 25.5pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(150, 150, 150); height: 25.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 100.5pt;" width="134"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">“i”</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(150, 150, 150); height: 25.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 120pt;" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">i, ii, iii, iv, …</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 24.75pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(150, 150, 150); height: 24.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 100.5pt;" width="134"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">“1”</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(150, 150, 150); height: 24.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 120pt;" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">1, 2, 3, …</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Q: How would one start an ordered list with something other than 1</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; width: 209px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 97.5pt;" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Ordered List</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Browser Display</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 97.5pt;" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><OL start = 25><br /><LI>SimCity</LI><br /><LI>Quake</LI><br /><LI>Bridge</LI><br /></OL></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><ol start="25" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">SimCity<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Quake<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Bridge<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Definition List </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; width: 265px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 2.75in;" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Definition List</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Browser Display</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 2.75in;" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><DL><br /><DT>SimCity</DT><br /><DD>A great simulation game in which one build cities<br /></DD><br /><DT>Quake</DT><br /><DD> One of the best of the shoot-em-up genre </DD><br /></DL><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">SimCity<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A great simulation game in which one build cities<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Quake<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">One of the best of the shoot-em-up genre<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; width: 122px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 62.25pt;" width="83"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><DL><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Definition List<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 62.25pt;" width="83"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><DT><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Term<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 62.25pt;" width="83"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><DD><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Definition<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Ordered lists as well as definition lists can be nested just like the un-ordered lists<br />Can any type of list be nested into any other type?</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Lists are one way of presenting data in a an ordered or formal fashion<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Tables provide another - more customizable - way of displaying ordered information on Web pages<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Tables</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; width: 256px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 123.75pt;" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">HTML code</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Browser Display</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 123.75pt;" width="165"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><TABLE border = "1" ><br /><TR><br /><TH>Indoor</TH><br /><TH>Outdoor</TH><br /></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD>Squash</TD><br /><TD>Cricket</TD><br /></TR><br /></TABLE></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Indoor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Outdoor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Squash<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Cricket<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; width: 157px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 102pt;" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><TABLE><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Table<br />(made up of rows)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 102pt;" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><TR><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Row<br />(made up of data cells)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 102pt;" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><TH><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Heading Data Cell<br />(Can contain paragraphs, images, lists, forms, tables)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 102pt;" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><TD><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Data Cell<br />(Can contain paragraphs, images, lists, forms, tables)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;"><TABLE> Attributes</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>BORDER</b><br />Determines the thickness of the table border<br />Example: <TABLE BORDER = “2”><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>CELLPADING</b><br />Determines the distance between the border of a cell and the contents of the cell<br />Example: <TABLE CELLPADDING = “3”><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>CELLSPACING</b><br />Determines the empty spacing between the borders of two adjacent cells<br />Example: <TABLE CELLSPACING = “1”><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; width: 256px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 123.75pt;" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">HTML code</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Browser Display</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 123.75pt;" width="165"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><TABLE border = "1" ><br /><TR><br /><TH>Indoor</TH><br /><TH>Outdoor</TH><br /></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD>Squash</TD><br /><TD>Cricket</TD><br /></TR><br /></TABLE></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Indoor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Outdoor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Squash<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Cricket<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; width: 250px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 123.75pt;" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">HTML code</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Browser Display</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 123.75pt;" width="165"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><TABLE ><br /><TR><br /><TH>Indoor</TH><br /><TH>Outdoor</TH><br /></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD>Squash</TD><br /><TD>Cricket</TD><br /></TR><br /></TABLE></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Indoor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Outdoor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Squash<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Cricket<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; width: 240px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 123.75pt;" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">HTML code</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Browser Display</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 123.75pt;" width="165"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><TABLE border=“1” ><br /><TR><br /><TH colspan=“2”> Indoor Outdoor<br /></TH><br /></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD>Squash</TD><br /><TD>Cricket</TD><br /></TR><br /></TABLE></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Indoor Outdoor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Squash<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Cricket<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; width: 250px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 123.75pt;" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">HTML code</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Browser Display</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 123.75pt;" width="165"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><TABLE border = "1" ><br /><CAPTION><br />My favorite sports<br /></CAPTION><br /><TR><br /><TD>Squash</TD><br /><TD>Cricket</TD><br /></TR><br /></TABLE></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">My favorite sports<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Squash<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Cricket<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Squash<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Cricket<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Computer Software</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> The HW needs SW to be useful; the SW needs HW to be useful<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">When the user needs something done by the computer, he/she gives instructions in the form of SW to computer HW<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Machine Language </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Machine language, though readily understood by microprocessors, is very difficult to write in for human programmers<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Language Translators</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Human programmers write programs in a language that is easy to understand for them<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Software Development</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The SW development process involves many steps, and coding, that is typing the instructions in a high-level language is only a small part of that process – taking-up only around 15% of the effort<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Two Major Types of Software </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>System SW</b><br />Programs that generally perform the background tasks in a computer. These programs, many times, talk directly to the HW<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>Application SW</b><br />Programs that generally interact with the user to perform work that is useful to the user. These programs generally talk to the HW through the assistance of system SW<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">System Software</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Operating Systems</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It interacts directly with the computer HW<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Other SW normally does not directly interact with the HW, but through the OS<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Examples:<br />       Windows ,  Mac , OS , Linux , Unix , Solaris , DOS , CP/M  , VMS</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Firmware</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Firmware consists of startup and a few low-level I/O routines that assist the computer in finding out and executing the rest of the OS<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">On IBM-compatible PC’s, it is called BIOS<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Utilities</span></b><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Computer programs that perform a particular function related to computer system management and maintenance<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Examples:</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">             1- Anti-virus SW<br />             2- Data compression SW<br />             3- Disk optimization SW<br />             4- Disk backup SW</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><br /><b>Language Translator</b></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br />      1-  Compiler translates the program written in a HLL in one go.<br />      2-  nterpreter translates the HLL program one statement at time.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Device Drivers</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A computer program that facilitates the communication between the computer and a peripheral device (e.g. printer, mouse, etc.)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Application Software</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Application SW are programs that interact directly with the user for the performance of a certain type of work</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>Scientific/engineering/graphics <st1:place w:st="on">SW<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />Mathematica</span></st1:place><span style="font-weight: normal;">; AutoCad; Corel Draw</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>Business SW</b><br />The billing system for the mobile phone company<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>Productivity SW</b><br />Word processors; Spreadsheets<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>Entertainment SW</b><br />Games<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>Educational SW</b><br />Electronic encyclopedias; The VU Web site<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Another way of classifying Software</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Shrink-Wrapped SW<br />   -You can just go to a shop and buy it<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Custom-built SW<br />   -You cannot just go to a shop and buy it; you have to find someone who can develop it for you<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Who Owns Software?</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Generally, although a piece of SW that is being used by millions, it is not owned by any of them! Instead, it is owned by the maker of the SW<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Three Main Types of Software Licenses </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ol start="1" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>Proprietary</b> – Most software on a Windows PC or a Macintosh belongs to this category<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>Freeware </b>– Most software on a Linux PC belongs to that category<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>Shareware</b> – the category which lies between the above two categories<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Proprietary SW License</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The user needs to pay the maker of the SW for buying a license that allows the user to use the SW<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Types of Proprietary Licenses</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Single-user license<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Multi-user license<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Concurrent-user license<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Site license<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Freeware SW License</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Allows the user free use of the SW</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Open-Source SW License</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Some authors give away the machine code only, which is extremely difficult to modify, if at all!<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Shareware SW License</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Allows the user free use of the SW, but with a request that the user pay the author a small amount (US$10-50) if the user is satisfied with the SW<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Trialware</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The SW is usable for a short period only<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Interactive Forms (1)</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Without forms, a Web site is “read-only” – it just provides information to the user<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Interactive Forms (2)</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Can be simple or very complex<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Are always placed between the <BODY> and </BODY> tags of a Web page<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Interactive Forms (3)</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Text fields<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Check boxes<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Buttons<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Server-Side Scripts</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Are programs that reside on Web servers<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Receive info that a user enters in a form<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Process that info and take appropriate action<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Examples:</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">CGI scripts on Unix servers</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">ASP scripts on Windows servers</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Application Software</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Application software are programs that interact directly with the user</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">They generally do not talk directly to the hardware</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Classification According to the Mode<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Interactive-mode</span></b><b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The user runs the program on the computer and keeps on interacting with the computer while the program runs</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Example:  Word processor</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Batch-mode</span></b><b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The user starts the program and the computer processes the provided data and produces results without any further intervention of from the user</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Example: Payroll</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Classification According to Application Area<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Scientific/engineering/graphics</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Business</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Productivity</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Entertainment</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Educational<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Scientific SW<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Simulation of natural systems</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Mathematical computation packages</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">MathCAD</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Engineering SW<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Computer-aided design (CAD)</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">AutoCAD</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Telecommunication system SW</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Graphics & Animation SW (1)<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251657216;"><span style="height: 81px; left: 288px; position: absolute; top: -17px; width: 139px;"></span></span><b><span style="color: black;">Two types:</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">1. Vector graphics</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Treats everything that is drawn as an object</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">These objects can later be easily moved, stretched, duplicated, deleted, etc</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Are resolution independent</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Relatively small file size</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Example: MS Visio, Corel Draw, Flash</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Graphics & Animation SW (2)</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">2. Bit-mapped or raster graphics</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Treats everything that is drawn as a bit-map</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Example:  MS Paint, Adobe Photoshop<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Business Applications</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Most of the SW being developed today belongs to this category</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">SW that is required to run most any sort of biz:</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Payroll</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">General ledger</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Order entry</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Accounts receivable & accounts payable</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Inventory control</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">E-Commerce Software<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Reliability</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Security</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Ability to handle 1000’s of transactions, simultaneously</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">ERP (</span><st1:city style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Enterprise</st1:place></st1:city><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"> Resource Planning) SW</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Very large scale, complex & expensive SW</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Example:  SAP, Oracle, PeopleSoft, Baan</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">DSS (Decision Support Systems) SW<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Sometimes also called “expert systems”</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Many times are based on a branch of computer science called “artificial intelligence”</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Productivity SW</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Most popular category in terms of licenses sold</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Word Processing                       -- Spreadsheets</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Presentations                 -- Databases</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Word Processors<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Probably the most popular productivity app</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Style sheets</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Spelling & grammar checking</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Web Page Development SW<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Web pages can be developed using a simple plain-text editor like the “notepad”, but more efficient, easy-to-use HTML editors can make the process quicker</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Spreadsheet SW (1)<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Electronic replacement for ledgers</span><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Is used for automating engineering, scientific, but in majority of cases, business calculationsm.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Spreadsheet SW (2)<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Consist of cells arranged in rows and columns</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Presentation Development SW<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Used to prepare multimedia material for lectures & presentations to display key points, graphics, animation, or video with the help of multimedia projectors</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Small-Scale Databases SW (1)<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Easy to use applications designed for efficient storage and fast and easy retrieval of data<a href="http://vupakistani.blogspot.com/2011/04/cs101-short-notes.html" name="_Toc160679127" style="color: #771100; text-decoration: none;"><o:p></o:p></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Small-Scale Databases SW (2)</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Before the advent of the currently popular “relational” database model, the data basing function was performed using what is called the “<b>flat-file</b>” model</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">A database consists of a file or a set of files.  Information in these is stored in the form of records, and the records are further subdivided into fields</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Productivity SW Suites<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">A set of stand-alone productivity applications designed to work easily with each other</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Examples:  MS Office, Corel WordPerfect Office</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Document-Centered Computing (DCC) <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The increasing cooperation among the apps included in productivity suites has given rise to a new computing model called DCC</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Entertainment SW</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Simple, intuitive, many times social UI’s</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Music & Video Players<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Music players (WinAmp)</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Video/Music players (Real player, Windows Media player, QuickTime player)</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Music Generation & Movie Editing SW<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">A PC can be made the hub of a music making studio with help of appropriate HW & SW</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Inexpensive, easy-to-use video editing SW has recently become available for the iMac</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://vupakistani.blogspot.com/2011/04/cs101-short-notes.html" name="_Toc160679134" style="background-color: white; color: #771100; line-height: 20.79px; text-decoration: none;">Games</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Educational (especially for toddlers)</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Sports</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Educational SW</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" />Electronic Encyclopedias<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Great resource of useful information presented in a very interesting format</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">On-Line Learning<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">With time, the VU Web site will become more and more focused on interactive online learning</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Interactive CD’s</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Same as on-line learning, but through a CD instead of a Web site</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Attributes of Good Application Software<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Easy to install, un-install</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">User Interface</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Configurable</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Has a tutorial and a complete help manual</span></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
CS101 short notes Part 5</h3>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Word Processing </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The art and science of converting written information into a form that looks pleasing when printed</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Word Processor</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The tool used to perform word processing<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Today, the term “word processor” generally means the SW used on a computer to perform the task of word processing<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Uses of Word Processors</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Write a letter<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Address labels<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Research paper or report<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Advertisement<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Newsletter<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Magazines<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Book<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">And thousands of other tasks<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Desktop Publishing (DTP)</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A combination of word processing and graphic design. Used to develop elegant documents<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;"> DTP: Requirements</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">High-end PC with a large-screen monitor<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Laser printer<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Scanner<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">DTP SW<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Examples:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Adobe PageMaker<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">QuarkXPress<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Corel Ventura<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">MS Publisher<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Client Side Script <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">New Concept: Client-Side Scripts</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Small programs that are a part of the Web page and run on the user’s (client’s) computer<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">They interact with the user to collect info or to accomplish other tasks<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Once it has been collected, they may help pass the collected info on to a server-side script<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Advantages of Client-Side Scripting</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Reduced server load as it does not have to send messages to the user’s browser about missing or incorrect data<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Disadvantages</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Client-side scripts do not work with all browsers<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Some user intentionally turn scripting off on their browsers<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">JavaScript</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Why JavaScript? </span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">JavaScript can be used (along with HTML) to develop interactive content for the Web</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">What is JavaScript?</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A programming language specifically designed to work with Web browsers<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span>It is designed to be used for developing small programs – called scripts –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Definition of Algorithm</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Sequence of steps that can be taken to solve a given problem is called Algorithm.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Examples:</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Addition</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Conversion from decimal to binary</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The process of boiling an egg</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The process of mailing a letter</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Sorting</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Searching</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Origin of the Term “Algorithm”</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The name derives from the title of a Latin book: Algoritmi de numero Indorum</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">That book was a translation of an Arabic book: Al-Khwarizmi Concerning the Hindu Art of Reckoning</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">That book was written by the famous 9-th century Muslim mathematician, Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Al-Khwarzmi</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Al-Khwarizmi lived in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Baghdad</st1:place></st1:city>, where he worked at the Dar al-Hikma</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Dar al-Hikma acquired and translated books on science and philosophy, particularly those in Greek, as well as publishing original research</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The word Algebra has its origins in the title of another Latin book which was a translation of yet another book written by Al-Khwarzmi:</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">            Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wa'l-Muqabala</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Greedy Algorithm</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">An algorithm that always takes the best immediate, or local solution while finding an answer</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Greedy algorithms may find the overall or globally optimal solution for some optimization problems</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Deterministic Algorithm</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">An algorithm whose behavior can be completely predicted from the inputs</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">That is, each time a certain set of input is presented, the algorithm gives the same results as any other time the set of input is presented.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Randomized Algorithm</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Any algorithm whose behavior is not only determined by the input, but also values produced by a random number generator</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Heuristic</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">A procedure that usually, but not always, works or that gives nearly the right answer</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">The Brute Force Strategy</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">A strategy in which all possible combinations are examined and the best among them is selected</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">A Selection of Algorithmic Application Areas</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Search</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Sort</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Cryptography</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Parallel</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Numeric</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Graphical</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Quantum computing</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Combinatory</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Syntax & Semantic</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Flowchart</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 20.79px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A graphical representation of a process (e.g. an algorithm), in which graphic objects are used to indicate the steps & decisions that are taken as the process moves along from start to finish</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Algorithm Building Blocks</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span>Sequences<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span>Conditionals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span>Loops<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Strategy for Sorting</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Repeat the following steps while the list is un-sorted:</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Start with the first object in the list</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Swap it with the one next to it if they are in the wrong order</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Repeat the same with the next to the first object</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Keep on repeating until you reach the last object in the list</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Q</span></b><span style="color: black;">:  </span><span style="color: black;">Is this the only possible algorithm for sorting a list?</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">A:</span></b><span style="color: black;">  Certainly not! In fact this one (called the “Bubble sort”) is probably the worst (reasonable) algorithm for sorting a list – it is just too slow</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Some of things that JavaScript cannot do!</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px; margin: 0in 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The following file ops. on the client computer:<br />   -- Read                     -- Modify<br />  -- Rename                 -- Delete<br />  -- Create<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Create graphics (although, it does have the ability to format pages through HTML - including the placement of graphics)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Some of the things that JavaScript can do!</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Control the appearance of the browser<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Control the content and appearance of the document displayed in the browser<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Store & modify a limited amount of data about the user in the form of client-side “cookies”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Client-Side JavaScript</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Although a version of JavaScript exists that can be used to write server-side scripts, our focus in this course will only be on client-side scripting<br /><b>Case Sensitivity</b></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">HTML is not case sensitive. The following mean the same to the browser:<br /><HTML> -- <html><br /><Html> -- <htMl><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">JavaScript is case sensitive. Only the first of the following will result in the desired function – the rest will generate an error or some other undesirable event:<br />onMouseClick -- OnMouseClick<br />onmouseclick -- ONMOUSECLICK<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">JavaScript is Object-Based</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Everything that JavaScript manipulates, it treats as an object – e.g. a window or a button<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Not Object-Oriented!</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">JavaScript is not a true object-oriented language like C++ or Java<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It is so because it lacks two key features:<br />   -- A formal inheritance mechanism<br />   -- Strong typing<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Types of Objects</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">JavaScript objects<br />   -- Objects that are part of JavaScript<br />   -- Examples: window, document<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Browser objects<br />   -- Objects that contain info not about the contents of the display, but the browser itself<br />   -- Examples: history, navigator<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">User-defined object<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Event Handlers</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Events” are actions that occur as a result of user’s interaction with the browser<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">We use “event handlers” [e.g. onMouseOver(), onClick()] to design Web pages that can react to those events<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span>Batch Programs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span>Event-Driven Programs<br /><br /><b>Batch Programs</b><br />These are typically started from a shell (or automatically via a scheduler) and tend to follow a pattern of:<br />Initialize internal data<br />Read input data<br />Process that data<br />Print or store results<br /><br /><b>Event-Driven Programs</b>Examples: GUIs, microwave, camera<br />The system sends events to the program and the program responds to these as they arrive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Programming Language</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">A vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks</span></b><span style="color: black;"><br /></span><span style="color: black;">All programs consists of:<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Sequence of instructions<br />Conditionals<br />Loops<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">These may contain:<br />Data<br />Input/output (print, etc)<br />Operations (add, divide, etc)<br />Examples of Prog. Languages</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Types of Prog. Languages<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">High level Programming Languages<br />Low Level Programming Languages<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><br /><b>High-level programming languages</b>, while simple compared to human languages, are more complex than the languages the uP actually understands,<br /><b>Assembly languages</b> are similar to machine languages, but are easier to program in as they allow a programmer to substitute names for numbers</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Machine languages</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"> consist of numbers</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Interpreters</span></b><span style="color: black;">: immediate response, but execute code slowly.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">Compilers</span></b><span style="color: black;">: Takes longer to compile, but super-fast execution.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Programming SW Development </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">SW Design Methodology ?</span></b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The set of (often flexible) rules and guidelines a team of developers follow to construct reasonably complex SW systems</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Object Oriented Design<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Structured Design<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
CS101 short notes Part 6</h3>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Object-Oriented Languages</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Programming languages specifically designed to make it easy to implement object-oriented designs   </span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Examples: Smalltalk, C++, Java</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Variables</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Variables give us the ability to manipulate data through reference instead of actual value.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Variables are names assigned to values.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;">Identifiers</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.79px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Identifiers are names used by JavaScript to refer to variables (as well as objects, properties, methods, and functions!). An identifier must begin with an alphabetical character (a-z or A-Z) or the underscore “_” character.</span></span></div>
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